COURSE TITLE : INTRODUCTION TO

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING WITH C

Lecturer:Charles Masoud
Faculty of Computing, Management and Social
Sciences(FCMSS), KIUT.
COURSE CODE: CS 1201
PHONE:0767999857
 :Course Content
• Introduction to programming & Algorithms
• Computer Programming Basics
• Introduction to C Language
• Control Flow Statements
• Introduction to Loops
• Strings and Pointers
• Arrays
• Functions & Recursion
• Structures
• Data Files
2
 Operators in C
• C language supports a rich set of built-in operators.
An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to
perform a certain mathematical or logical
manipulation.
• Operators are used in programs to manipulate data
and variables.

3
 • C operators can be classified into following types:
Arithmetic operators
1. Relational operators
2. Logical operators
3. Bitwise operators
4. Assignment operators
5. Conditional operators
4
6. Special operators
 Arithmetic operators
• C supports all the basic arithmetic operators. The following
table shows all the basic arithmetic operators.

5
 Relational operators
• The following table shows all relation operators
supported by C.

6
 Bitwise operators
• Bitwise operators in C language are used to perform
operations directly on the binary representations of
numbers, manipulating individual bits within data types like
integers.
• Unlike arithmetic operators in C that work with whole
values, bitwise operators allow you to control, modify, and
analyze bits independently, making them essential for tasks
in systems programming, low-level data manipulation, and
memory optimization.
7
8
 Data types

There are s three classes of data types;

9
 Simple Data Types
• Simple or primitive data types are the fundamental building blocks of
data in programming languages.
• They represent the most basic forms of data and are used to create
variables that store individual pieces of information.
• Types of simple data types:
Integer (int)
Character (char)
Float (float)
Double (double)
Boolean (bool)
10
 Integer (int)

• Definition: Represents whole numbers without any

11
 Float (float)
• Definition: Represents floating-point numbers or real numbers
that have a fractional part.
• Storage: Typically 4 bytes.
• Range and Precision: Can represent a wide range of values but
with limited precision.
• Example: float salary = 75000.50;

12
 Double (double)
• Definition: Similar to float, but with double the
precision and range.
• Storage: Typically 8 bytes.
• Example: double pi = 3.141592653589793;

13
 Character (char)
• Definition: Represents a single character.
• Storage: Typically 1 byte.
• Example: char grade = 'A';

14
 Compound Data Structures
• Compound data structures are collections of primitive data
types that allow for the storage and organization of multiple
values.
• They provide more complex ways to organize data and can
represent more complex entities

15
 Identifiers
• Identifiers refer to the names of variables, functions ad
arrays. These are user defined names and consists of a
sequence of letters and digits, with a letter as a first
character.

16
 Rules for Identifiers
• First letter must be an alphabet (or underscore).
• Must consist of only letters, digits or underscore.
• Uppercase and lowercase are considered to be distinct.
• Cannot be a Keyword.
• Must not contain white spaces.

17
 Variables
• A variable is a storage location identified by a name
(identifier) that holds a value which can be changed during
program execution.
• Declaring a variable involves specifying its type and name.
Example: int score;
• Initializing a variable assigns it an initial value.
Example: int score = 100;

18
 Rules for variables
• First letter must be an alphabet (or underscore).
• Must consist of only letters, digits or underscore.
• Uppercase and lowercase are considered to be distinct.
• Cannot be a Keyword.
• Must not contain white spaces.

19
 Variable Scope
• Local Scope: Variables declared inside a function or block
are accessible only within that function or block.
• Global Scope: Variables declared outside all functions are
accessible throughout the program.
• Function Scope: Variables declared within a function are
accessible only within that function.
• Block Scope: Variables declared inside a block (e.g., inside
{}) are accessible only within that block.
20