Electric Circuits
Potential Difference
=Voltage=EMF In a battery, a series of chemical
reactions occur in which
electrons are transferred from
one terminal to another. There is
a potential difference (voltage)
between these poles.
The maximum potential
difference a power source can
have is called the electromotive
force or (EMF), . The term isn't
actually a force, simply the
amount of energy per charge
(J/C or V)
A Basic Circuit
All electric circuits have three main parts
1. A source of energy
2. A closed path
3. A device which uses the energy
If ANY part of the circuit is open the device will not work!
Electricity can be symbolic of
Circuits are very similar to water flowing through a pipe
Fluids A pump basically works on TWO
IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES concerning
its flow
• There is a PRESSURE DIFFERENCE
where the flow begins and ends
• A certain AMOUNT of flow passes each
SECOND.
A circuit basically works on TWO
IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES
• There is a "POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
aka VOLTAGE" from where the charge
begins to where it ends
• The AMOUNT of CHARGE that flows
PER SECOND is called CURRENT.
Current
Current is defined as the rate at which charge
flows through a surface.
The current is in the same direction as the flow
of positive charge (for this course)
Note: The “I” stands
for intensity
There are 2 types of Current
DC = Direct Current - current flows in one direction
Example: Battery
AC = Alternating Current- current reverses direction many times per second.
This suggests that AC devices turn OFF and
ON. Example: Wall outlet (progress energy)
Ohm’s Law
“The voltage (potential difference, emf) is directly
related to the current, when the resistance is
constant”
Voltage vs. Current
V I 10
R constant of proportionality 9
e
8
o p
R Resistance 7 sl
=
6
ce
Voltage(V)
V IR an
st
5 Voltage(V)
4 si
IR re
R=
3
Since R=V/I, the resistance is the 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
SLOPE of a V vs. I graph Current(Amps)
Resistance
Resistance (R) – is defined as the restriction of electron
flow. It is due to interactions that occur at the atomic
scale. For example, as electron move through a
conductor they are attracted to the protons on the
nucleus of the conductor itself. This attraction doesn’t
stop the electrons, just slow them down a bit and cause
the system to waste energy.
The unit for resistance is
the OHM,
Electrical POWER
We have already learned that POWER is the rate at which work
(energy) is done. Circuits that are a prime example of this as
batteries only last for a certain amount of time AND we get
charged an energy bill each month based on the amount of
energy we used over the course of a month…aka POWER.
POWER
It is interesting to see how certain electrical
variables can be used to get POWER. Let’s
take Voltage and Current for example.
Other useful power formulas
These formulas can also
be used! They are
simply derivations of
the POWER formula
with different versions
of Ohm's law
substituted in.
Ways to Wire Circuits
There are 2 basic ways to wire a circuit. Keep in
mind that a resistor could be ANYTHING ( bulb,
toaster, ceramic material…etc)
Series – One after another
Parallel – between a set of junctions and
parallel to each other
Schematic Symbols
Before you begin to understand circuits you need to be able to
draw what they look like using a set of standard symbols
understood anywhere in the world
For the battery symbol, the
LONG line is considered to be
the POSITIVE terminal and the
SHORT line , NEGATIVE.
The VOLTMETER and AMMETER
are special devices you place IN
or AROUND the circuit to
measure the VOLTAGE and
CURRENT.
The Voltmeter and Ammeter
The voltmeter and ammeter cannot be
just placed anywhere in the circuit. They
must be used according to their
Current goes THROUGH the ammeter DEFINITION.
Since a voltmeter measures voltage or
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE it must be
placed ACROSS the device you want
to measure. That way you can measure
the CHANGE on either side of the
device.
Voltmeter is drawn ACROSS the resistor
Since the ammeter measures the current or
FLOW it must be placed in such a way as the
charges go THROUGH the device.
Simple Circuit
When you are drawing a
circuit it may be a wise
thing to start by drawing
the battery first, then
follow along the loop
(closed) starting with
positive and drawing
what you see.
Series Circuit
In in series circuit, the resistors
are wired one after another.
Since they are all part of the
SAME LOOP they each
experience the SAME
AMOUNT of current. In
figure, however, you see I ( series )Total I1 I 2 I 3
that they all exist
BETWEEN the terminals of V( series )Total V1 V2 V3
the battery, meaning they
SHARE the potential
(voltage).
Series Circuit
I ( series )Total I1 I 2 I 3
V( series )Total V1 V2 V3
As the current goes through the circuit, the charges must USE ENERGY to get
through the resistor. So each individual resistor will get its own individual potential
voltage). We call this VOLTAGE DROP.
V( series )Total V1 V2 V3 ; V IR
( I T RT ) series I1 R1 I 2 R2 I 3 R3 Note: They may use the
terms “effective” or
“equivalent” to mean
Rseries R1 R2 R3 TOTAL!
Rs Ri
Example A series circuit is shown to the left.
a) What is the total resistance?
R(series) = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6
b) What is the total current?
V=IR 12=I(6) I = 2A
c) What is the current across EACH
resistor? They EACH get 2 amps!
d) What is the voltage drop across
each resistor?( Apply Ohm's law
to each resistor separately)
V12 V V3=(2)(3)= 6V V2=(2)(2)= 4V
Notice that the individual VOLTAGE DROPS add up to the TOTAL!!
Parallel Circuit
In a parallel circuit, we have
multiple loops. So the
current splits up among
the loops with the
individual loop currents It is important to understand that parallel
adding to the total current circuits will all have some position where
the current splits and comes back
together. We call these JUNCTIONS.
The current going IN to a junction will
always equal the current going OUT of a
junction.
I ( parallel )Total I1 I 2 I 3
Regarding Junctions :
I IN I OUT
Junctions
Parallel Circuit
Notice that the JUNCTIONS both touch the
POSTIVE and NEGATIVE terminals of the
battery. That means you have the SAME
potential difference down EACH individual
branch of the parallel circuit. This means
V
that the individual voltages drops are equal.
V( parallel )Total V1 V2 V3
I ( parallel )Total I1 I 2 I 3 ; V IR
VT V1 V2 V3
( ) Parallel
This junction This junction
RT R1 R2 R3
touches the touches the 1 1 1 1
POSITIVE NEGATIVE
terminal terminal RP R1 R2 R3
1 1
RP Ri
Example To the left is an example of a parallel circuit.
a) What is the total resistance?
1 1 1 1
RP 5 7 9
1 1
0.454 RP 2.20
Rp 0.454
b) What is the total current? V IR
8 I ( R ) 3.64 A
c) What is the voltage across EACH resistor?
8 V each!
d) What is the current drop across each resistor?
(Apply Ohm's law to each resistor separately)
V IR Notice that the
8 8 8 individual currents
I 5 1.6 A I 7 1.14 A I 9 0.90 A ADD to the total.
5 7 9
Compound (Complex)
Circuits
Many times you will have series and parallel in the SAME circuit.
Solve this type of circuit
from the inside out.
WHAT IS THE TOTAL
RESISTANCE?
1 1 1
; RP 33.3
RP 100 50
Rs 80 33.3 113 .3
Compound (Complex)
Circuits 1
1 1
; R P 33.3
RP 100 50
Rs 80 33.3 113 .3
Suppose the potential difference (voltage) is equal to 120V. What is the total
current?
VT I T RT
120 I T (113 .3)
I T 1.06 A V80 I 80 R80
V80 (1.06)(80)
What is the VOLTAGE DROP across the 80 resistor?
V80 84.8 V
Compound (Complex)
Circuits
R 113 .3
T
V 120V
T
I T 1.06 A
V80 84.8V
I 80 1.06 A What is the current across the
100 and 50 resistor?
What is the VOLTAGE DROP across I T ( parallel ) I 2 I 3
the 100 and 50 resistor?
VT ( parallel ) V2 V3 I T ( series ) I1 I 2&3
VT ( series ) V1 V2&3 35.2
I100 0.352 A
100 Add to
120 84.8 V2&3
35.2 1.06A
V2&3 35.2 V Each! I 50 0.704 A
50
Exercise
1. Three resistors are connected in parallel. If placed in a
circuit with a 12-volt power supply. Determine the
equivalent resistance, the total circuit current, and the
voltage drop across and current in each resistor.
2. Three resistors are connected in series. If placed in a
circuit with a 12-volt power supply. Determine the
equivalent resistance, the total circuit current, and the
voltage drop across and current at each resistor.
3. Analyze the following circuit and determine the values
of the total resistance, total current, and the current at
and voltage drops across each individual resistor.
