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binomial Distribution

The document provides an overview of discrete probability distributions, focusing on the binomial distribution, which is characterized by two possible outcomes (success and failure) across a fixed number of independent trials. It details the properties and probability mass function of the binomial distribution, along with several examples illustrating its application in real-world scenarios. Key concepts include the calculation of probabilities for specific outcomes and the assumptions necessary for the binomial model.

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13 views18 pages

binomial Distribution

The document provides an overview of discrete probability distributions, focusing on the binomial distribution, which is characterized by two possible outcomes (success and failure) across a fixed number of independent trials. It details the properties and probability mass function of the binomial distribution, along with several examples illustrating its application in real-world scenarios. Key concepts include the calculation of probabilities for specific outcomes and the assumptions necessary for the binomial model.

Uploaded by

fatima
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Probability and

Statistics
MISS FATIMA IMTIAZ
Discrete Probability Distributions

Binomial Distribution
Multinomial Distribution
Hypergeometric Distribution
Negative Binomial
Geometric Distribution
Poisson Distribution
Binomial Distribution
Probability Mass Function of
Bernoulli Distribution

Where,
 “x” represents no. of successes
 “p” represents probability of success
 “q” represents probability of failure
Binomial Distribution

 Binomial distribution was discovered by James


Bernoulli in 1738.
 This is a discrete probability distribution.
 A discrete probability distribution (applicable to the
scenarios where the set of possible outcomes is
discrete, such as a coin toss or a roll of dice) can be
encoded by a discrete list of the probabilities of the
outcomes, known as a probability mass function.
 The binomial distribution is just “n”
independent individual (Bernoulli) trials
added up.
 The word “binomial” literally means “two
numbers.” A binomial distribution for a
random variable X (known as binomial variate)
is one in which there are only two possible
outcomes, success and failure, for a finite
number of trials.
Properties of Binomial
Distribution
 For each trail there are only two possible
outcomes, Success and Failure.
 The number trail “n” are fixed.
 The trails are independent, the outcome of
trail is not affected by the outcome of any
other trail.
 The Probability of success, p, is constant from
trail to trail.
Probability Mass Function of
Binomial Distribution
 In Binomial experiment, the probability of exactly “x” successes
in “n” trails is:

Where,
“x” represents no. of successes, “n” represents no. of trails
“p” represents probability of success, “q” represents probability of
failure
Example#1

 Anexam consists of 10 multiple choice


questions. Each question has 4 possible
choices. Only 1 is correct. Jeff did not study for
the exam. So he just guesses at the right
answer for each question (pure guess, not an
educated guess). What is his chance of
passing the exam? That is, to make at least 6
correct answers.
Solution

The Success is giving the right answer, so we define a random variable as


Let X be the no. of the right answers
n is total no. of questions available
Now, p = P(success) = 0.25, n = 10
P(passing an exam) = P(X ≥ 6 ) = P(X=6 or X= 7 or X=8 or X = 9 or X=10)
= P(X=6)+ P(X=7)+ P(X=8)+ P(X=9)+
P(X=10)
 +

 + +

 +

= 0.01973
Example#2

The probability that a patient recovers from a rare blood


disease is 0.4. If 15 people are known to have
contracted this disease, what is the probability that (a)
at least 10 survive, (b) from 3 to 8 survive, and (c)
exactly 5 survive?
Solution: Let X be the number of people who survive.
p=0.4, q=1-0.4=0.6, n=15
(a) P(X≥10)= P(X=10)+
P(X=11)+P(X=12)+P(X=13)+P(X=14)+P(X=15)
 P(X≥10)= +

=0.0338
b) P(3≤X≤8)=P(X=3)+ P(X=4)+ P(X=5)+ P(X=6)+ P(X=7)+ P(X=8)

=+

++

=0.8779

c) P(X=5)= =0.1859
Example#3

Fair coin was tossed 3 times. What is the mean and standard
deviation of no. heads occur in 3 tosses?
Solution:
Success is occurrence of head
p =0.5 and n = 3
µ=np=3(0.5)=1.5 and = = = 0.866
Example#4

 Suppose that 80% of adults with allergies report symptomatic relief


with a specific medication. If the medication is given to 10 new
patients with allergies, what is the probability that it is effective in
exactly seven?

 Solution:

 First, do we satisfy the three assumptions of the binomial distribution


model?

• The outcome is relief from symptoms (yes or no), and here we will call
a reported relief from symptoms a 'success.'
• The probability of success for each person is 0.8.
• The final assumption is that the replications are independent, and
it is reasonable to assume that this is true.
 n=10
 successes or events of interest is x=7
 p=0.80, q=1-p=1-0.8=0.2

=0.2013

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