data collection and

sampling techniques
 What is Statistics?

Statistics is a branch of applied

mathematics that deals with the
systematic collection, presentation,
analysis and interpretation of data.
Collection refers to the process of gathering data.
 Presentation is the same as organization. It is the
process of summarizing the gathered data in a form that
is understandable through words, tables or graphs
 Analysis is the process of describing the data
using different statistical methods and procedures
 Interpretation refers to the process of formulating
conclusions based from the analyzed data.
 Data Collection
- is the process of gathering and
measuring information systematically
to analyze and make informed
decisions. They may consist of facts,
numbers, names, figures, or even
descriptions of things.
Types of Data

1. Qualitative Data
2. Quantitative Data
 Types of Data

1. Qualitative Data

It describes the quality of

something or someone. It is
descriptive information. For
example, skin color, eye color, hair
texture, etc., give us qualitative
information about a person.
 Types of Data

2. Quantitative Data
It provides numerical information.

Example: height of a person, weight of

a person, the cost of transportation.
 Activity:
Directions: Identify whether the data
described is qualitative or quantitative.
Qualitative
1. The names of books in a school library.
2. The height of students in a basketball team (in cm).
Quantitative
3. The types of flowers in a garden (e.g. roses, tulips).
Qualitative

4. The number of goals scored in a soccer match.

Quantitative
 Activity:
Directions: Identify whether the data
described is qualitative or quantitative.
5. The ratings of a restaurant on a scale of 1 to 5.
Quantitative
6. The colors of backpacks carried by students.
Qualitative

7. The time taken to solve a puzzle.

Quantitative
8. The brands of smartphones owned by
employees in an office. Qualitative
 Activity:
Directions: Identify whether the data
described is qualitative or quantitative.

9. The temperature of various cities during the day.

Quantitative

10. The genres of movies most frequently

watched by people in a survey.

Qualitative
 Methods of Data Collection

1. Surveys and Questionnaires

2. Interviews
3. Observations
4. Experiments
5. Case Studies
Methods of Data Collection
1. Surveys and Questionnaires
Description: Surveys involve asking individuals a
set of predetermined questions, often in written form,
to gather information about their opinions, behaviors,
or characteristics.
Application: Used in social sciences, market
research, and public opinion polls
Advantages: Cost-effective, can reach a large
audience, standardized format.
Challenges: Response bias, limited depth of
information
Methods of Data Collection
1. Surveys and Questionnaires

Examples:
 Effects of modular distance learning and
online learning
 Causes of cigarette smoking at a young
age.
Methods of Data Collection
2. Interviews
Description: Interviews involve direct interaction
between a researcher and a participant, where
questions and responses are recorded.

Application: Common in qualitative research, case

studies, and in-depth investigations

Advantages: Allows for in-depth exploration,

flexibility in questioning, and clarification of responses
Challenges: Time consuming, potential for
interviewer bias.
Methods of Data Collection
2. Interviews

Examples:
 Point of view of parents about the
cancelation of classes during typhoons.
 Survey about the gate price of coconut
products between buyers.
Methods of Data Collection
3. Observations:
Description: Researchers directly observe and
record behavior, events, or phenomena without
direct interaction with the participants.

Application: Used in naturalistic studies,

ethnography, and behavioral research.
Advantages: Provides firsthand information
and minimizes response bias.
Challenges: Observer bias, limited insight into
underlying motivations
Methods of Data Collection
3. Observations:

Examples:
 The increasing numbers of customers
entering coffee shops.

 Attitude of Grade 7 students inside the

classroom.
Methods of Data Collection
4. Experiments:
Description: Researchers manipulate variables to
observe the effect on the outcome. Controlled
conditions help establish cause-and-effect
relationships.
Application: Common in natural sciences,
psychology, and medicine.

Advantages: Allows for casual inference, high

internal validity.
Challenges: Artificial settings may limit
generalizability, ethical concerns.
Methods of Data Collection
4. Experiments:

Examples:
 Reaction level of herbicide to the grass.
Methods of Data Collection
5. Case Studies:
Description: In-depth examination of a single case
or a small number of cases to gain insights into
complex phenomena.

Application: Common in psychology, medicine, and

social sciences

Advantages: Rich, detailed information,

suitable for complex or unique cases
Challenges: Limited generalizability, potential
for research bias.
Methods of Data Collection

Direction: Identify the appropriate method

of collecting data for each statement.
1. It involves gathering detailed
information about a particular individual,
group, or phenomenon through a
comprehensive and in-depth
examination.
Case Study
Methods of Data Collection

Direction: Identify the appropriate method

of collecting data for each statement.
2. It is employed when researchers
systematically manipulate one or more
variables to observe the effect on
another variable.

Experiment
Methods of Data Collection

Direction: Identify the appropriate method

of collecting data for each statement.
3. A method that involves the systematic
gathering of information through direct
interaction with participants, allowing for
a personalized and in-depth exploration of
their experiences and perspectives.

Interview
Methods of Data Collection

Direction: Identify the appropriate method

of collecting data for each statement.
4. It is a structured set of questions
designed to gather information from a
large number of respondents, often used
for statistical analysis.

Questionnaire
Methods of Data Collection

Direction: Identify the appropriate method

of collecting data for each statement.
5. The most appropriate method if
researchers want to collect data by
watching and recording behaviors or
events as they naturally occur without
interference.

Observation
Methods of Data Collection
Direction: Identify the appropriate method of
collecting data for each statement.

1. Parents’ point of view about the matatag

curriculum. Interview
2. Effects of modular distance learning and
Questionnaire
online learning.
Experiment
3. Germination rates of mongo seeds.
4. The impact of playing online games to the
Interview
grade 7 students.
5. The increasing numbers of students with
no GMRC.Observation
Methods of Data Collection
Direction: Identify the appropriate method of
collecting data for each statement.
1. It involves asking open-ended questions to
participants for detailed insights about a topic.
2. Researchers manipulate variables in controlled
conditions to test a hypothesis and observe outcomes.
3. Closely examining one subject or a small group to gain
a deep understanding of a phenomenon over time.
4. Data is collected by carefully watching and recording
behaviors as they naturally occur in a specific
environment.
Methods of Data Collection
Direction: Identify the appropriate method of
collecting data for each statement.
5. A method of data collection that is typically
conducted using phone calls, online forms, or
paper sheets to gather opinions or feedback.
6. This method is effective for understanding
cause-and-effect relationships by
systematically varying conditions.
7. This method focuses on the intensive
exploration of a particular case, such as an
individual, organization, or community
Methods of Data Collection
Direction: Identify the appropriate method of
collecting data for each statement.
8. It collects standardized data from a large
sample population and is ideal for statistical
analysis.
9. Data collection that provides respondents the
freedom to express detailed personal opinions
through unstructured questions.
10. A method often used in psychology and
social sciences to observe participants’ actions
and reactions without influencing their behavior.
Methods of Data Collection
Direction: Identify the appropriate method of
collecting data for each statement.
1. It involves asking open-ended questions to
Interview
participants for detailed insights about a topic.
2. Researchers manipulate variables in controlled
conditions to test a hypothesis and observe outcomes.
3. Closely examining one subject or a smallExperiment
group to gain
a deep understanding of a phenomenon over time.
4. Data is collected by carefully watching and recording
Case Study
behaviors as they naturally occur in a specific
environment.
Observation
Methods of Data Collection
Direction: Identify the appropriate method of
collecting data for each statement.
5. A method of data collection that is typically
conducted using phone calls, online forms, or
Survey and
paper sheets to gather opinions or Questionnaire
feedback.
6. This method is effective for understanding
cause-and-effect relationships by
Experiment
systematically varying conditions.
7. This method focuses on the intensive
exploration of aCase
particular
Study case, such as an
individual, organization, or community
Methods of Data Collection
Direction: Identify the appropriate method of
collecting data for each statement.
8. It collects standardized data from a large
sample population and is ideal for statistical
Survey and
analysis. Questionnaire

9. Data collection that provides respondents the

freedom to express detailed Interview
personal opinions
through unstructured questions.
10. A method often used in psychology and
social sciences to observe participants’ actions
observation
and reactions without influencing their behavior.
 sampling
techniques
Sampling Techniques

1. Simple Random Sampling

2. Stratified Sampling
3. Systematic Sampling
Sampling Techniques
Vocabolary:
Sampling – is the process of selecting a
subset of individuals or elements from a
larger population for study.

Sample – is a subset of the population under

study.
Population – is the set of all possible cases
from which data are collected.
 Sampling Techniques

Sampling Simple Random

Population Sampling

Sample
Stratified
Sample Sampling
Population
Systematic
Sampling
Sampling Techniques
1. Simple Random Sampling
- Every individual in the population has an
equal chance of being selected.
Example – Conducting a Classroom Survey

Scenario: You are a teacher, and you want to

conduct a survey on the opinions of students in
the school regarding the effectiveness of
reviewing early in the morning. The total student
population in the school is 500.
Sampling Techniques
1. Simple Random Sampling
Example – Conducting a Classroom Survey
Steps in Simple Random Sampling
1. Identify the Population: The population is
all the students in the school, totaling 500.

2. Assign a number to each individual : Assign a unique

number to each student in the school. For example:

1. Dianne 3. Michael
500. Zen
2. Erick 4. Joan
Sampling Techniques
1. Simple Random Sampling
Example – Conducting a classroom survey
Steps in Simple Random Sampling
3. Determine the sample size: Decide on the sample
size you want for your survey. Let’s say you want a sample
size of 50 students.

4. Use a random selection method: Randomly

select the sample, you can use various methods. One
simple way is to use a random number generator or
draw numbers from a hat. Examples of random
numbers can be 32, 74, 156, 305, 400,…., 499.
Sampling Techniques
1. Simple Random Sampling
Example – Conducting a classroom survey
Steps in Simple Random Sampling
5. Select the chosen individuals: Identify the students
corresponding to the randomly generated numbers.

6, Invite the selected individuals to

participate: Reach out to the selected students
and invite them to participate in your survey on
the effectiveness of reviewing early in the
morning.
Sampling Techniques
1. Simple Random Sampling

Population = 500 Sample = 50

1. Dianne 32. Mariz
2. Erick 25. Susan
3. Michael 16. John
4. Joan 3. Michael
. 500 Zen
. .
. .
500. Zen .
Sampling Techniques
2. Stratified Sampling
- Dividing the population into subgroups (strata) and
then randomly sampling from each subgroup.

Example – Assessing Academic Performance in a

School.
Scenario: Suppose you are a researcher interested in
understanding students’ academic performance in a
junior high school. The school has a total population
of 600 students, and you want to ensure that your
sample is representative across different grade levels
(Grade 7, Grade 8, Grade 9, and Grade 10).
Sampling Techniques
2. Stratified Sampling
Example – Assessing Academic Performance in a School

Steps in Stratified Sampling

1. Identify the Population: the population, in

this case, is all the students in the junior high
school, totaling 600.
2. Define Strata: Divide the population into
strata based on the characteristics of interest. In
this example, the strata are the different grade
levels: Grade 7, Grade 8, Grade 9 and Grade 10.
Sampling Techniques
2. Stratified Sampling
Example – assessing Academic Performance in a School
Steps in Stratified Sampling
3. Determine the Sample Size: Decide on the
overall sample size you want and the proportion of
the sample from each stratum. Let’s say you want
a total sample size of 100 students, with the goal
of representing each grade level proportionally.
Sample size allocation:
Grade 7: 25 students Grade 9: 25 students
Grade 8: 25 students Grade 10: 25 students
Sampling Techniques
2. Stratified Sampling
Example – assessing Academic Performance in a School
Steps in Stratified Sampling
4. Randomly select within strata: Use random
sampling within each stratum to select the
specified number of students. You can use
methods like random sampling technique. For
example, if you are using a random number
generator, generate 25 random numbers for each
grade level.
Sampling Techniques
2. Stratified Sampling

Grade 8
25 Grade 10
Grade 7 students 25
25 students
students Grade 9
25
students

Population: 600 students Sample: 100 students

Sampling Techniques
3. Systematic Sampling
- Selecting every nth individual from the
population after a random start.

Example – Surveying Customers in a Coffee Shop

Scenario: Imagine you are conducting a survey

to gather feedback from customers in a busy
coffee shop. The shop has a total population of
500 customers, and you want to systematically
survey a representative sample.
Sampling Techniques
3. Systematic Sampling
Example – Surveying Customers in a Coffee Shop
Steps in Systematic Sampling

1. Identify the Population: the population is all

the customers present in a coffee shop during a
specified time, totaling 500 individuals
2. Determine the Sample Size: Decide on the
overall sample size you want. Let’s say you want
to survey 50 customers.
Sampling Techniques
3. Systematic Sampling
Example – Surveying Customers in a coffee shop
Steps in Systematic Sampling

3. Calculate the Sampling Interval (k):

Determine the sampling interval (k) by dividing the
total population by the desired sample size.

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 500

𝐾= = =10
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 50
Sampling Techniques
3. Systematic Sampling
Example – Surveying Customers in a coffee shop
Steps in Systematic Sampling

4. Random Start: Choose a random starting point

within the first k individuals. For example, randomly
select the 2nd customer as your starting point.
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 500
𝐾= = =10
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 50
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,
Sampling Techniques
3. Systematic Sampling
Example – Surveying Customers in a Coffee Shop
Steps in Systematic Sampling

5. Select the Chosen Individuals: Survey every

10th customer from the randomly chosen starting
point until you reach the desired sample size.
Starting from the 2nd customer, survey the 12th,
22nd, 32nd, and so on until you’ve surveyed 50
customers
492. 𝐽𝑜h𝑛𝑦
Activity: Sampling Techniques
Direction: For each scenario provided, choose the
appropriate sampling technique to be employed.

Scenario 1: You are conducting a survey to

understand the preferences of students in a large
university. To ensure representation from each
academic department, you decide to sample 20
students from each department.

Stratified Sampling
Activity: Sampling Techniques
Direction: For each scenario provided, choose the
appropriate sampling technique to be employed.

Scenario 2: You are conducting research on the

preferences of customers in a specific shopping
mall regarding product placement.

Simple Ramdom Sampling

Activity: Sampling Techniques
Direction: For each scenario provided, choose the
appropriate sampling technique to be employed.

Scenario 3: You want to investigate the average

commuting time of employees in a large office
building with multiple departments.

Stratified Sampling
Activity: Sampling Techniques
Direction: For each scenario provided, choose the
appropriate sampling technique to be employed.

Scenario 4: You are interested in understanding

the factors contributing to the success of
students in a particular school, considering both
academic performance and extracurricular
achievements.
Simple Ramdom Sampling
Activity: Sampling Techniques
Direction: For each scenario provided, choose the
appropriate sampling technique to be employed.

Scenario 5: In a city park, you want to survey

visitors to gather feedback on park facilities. To
make the survey process efficient, you decide to
survey every 8th visitor who enters the park.

Systematic Sampling
Activity: Sampling Techniques
Direction: For each scenario provided, choose the
appropriate sampling technique to be employed.

1. A researcher randomly selects 50 employees

from a list of all 500 employees in a company to
participate in a workplace satisfaction survey.
2. A health study wants to ensure proportional
representation of men and women. Researchers
divide the population by gender and randomly
select participants from each group.
Activity: Sampling Techniques
Direction: For each scenario provided, choose the
appropriate sampling technique to be employed.

3. Every 5th person entering a shopping mall is

chosen to participate in a market research survey.
4. A hospital researcher selects every 10th patient
from a list of all patients admitted during a specific
month.
5. A researcher groups farmers by the type of crops
they grow and then randomly selects a sample from
each crop category to participate in a study.
Activity: Sampling Techniques
Direction: For each scenario provided, choose the
appropriate sampling technique to be employed.

1. A researcher randomly selects 50 employees

from a list of all 500 employees in a company to
participate in a workplace satisfaction survey.
2. A health study wants to Simple Ramdom
ensure Sampling
proportional
representation of men and women. Researchers
divide the population by gender and randomly
select participants from each group.

Stratified Sampling
Activity: Sampling Techniques
Direction: For each scenario provided, choose the
appropriate sampling technique to be employed.

3. Every 5th person entering a shopping mall is

chosen to participate in a market research survey.
Systematic Sampling
4. A hospital researcher selects every 10th patient
from a list of all patients admitted during a specific
month. Systematic Sampling
5. A researcher groups farmers by the type of crops
they grow and then randomly selects a sample from
each crop category to participate in a study.
Stratified Sampling