Transport in Animals

CHAPTER 9
PA G E S : 1 0 6 - 1 2 6
 The Circulatory System

The circulatory system consists of:

1. Vessels
2. A pump which is the heart
3. Valves in the heart and veins to ensure the one
way flow of blood

The right side of the heart carries deoxygenated

blood and the left side of the heart caries
oxygenated blood
 Single and Double Circulations

Single circulation is when the blood passes

through the heart only once in one complete
circuit.
Fish have single circulations.
Oxygen diffuses into the blood from gills
 Double Circulation

 Double circulation: is when the blood passes through the heart twice in
one complete circuit.

 Mammals, Birds and Reptiles have double circulations

 Pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

(pulmonary artery)and returns oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
(pulmonary vein).

 Weaker circulation due to low pressure and short distance

 Systemic circulation involves pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of

the body (aorta) and returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart
(vena cava)

 Stronger circulation due to higher pressure and longer distance

 Double Circulation

Fig:
9.3. P:
107
 Advantages of A Double Circulation

It separates oxygenated from deoxygenated blood to

allow the body cells to receive sufficient oxygen.

It allows the systemic circuit to have a high blood

pressure since, blood will be pumped to the rest of the
body and will need to travel for a long distance so,
being pumped at high pressure will allow it to reach
the cells faster. While, the pulmonary circuit delivers
the blood to the lungs which are close to the heart so,
blood will only travel for a short distance and if it is
pumped at high pressure, this means that the delicate
blood capillaries in the lungs will get damaged
 The Heart

Fig: 9.4 P:108

 The heart is made of a special type of muscle called Cardiac muscle

 Right Atrium: collects deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the right ventricle.
 Right Ventricle: pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
 Pulmonary Artery: carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the
Lungs
 Septum: separates the oxygenated blood from the deoxygenated blood
 Left Atrium: collects oxygenated blood and pumps it to right ventricle
 Left Ventricle: pumps oxygenated blood to the body via aorta (thicker than
right ventricle)
 Aorta: carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body
 Atri0ventricular valves (bicuspid and tricuspid) prevent back flow of blood to
the atria when ventricles contract, as pressure will be lower in atria
 Semilunar valves: Prevent backflow of blood from arteries into the ventricles
1. Cardiac Diastole: Atria and
ventricles are relaxed so volume
of atria and ventricles increases
and blood pressure decreases.
Blood flows into the heart.
Semilunar valves are closed to
prevent backflow of blood into
arteries. Atrioventricular valves
are opened
 Cardiac Cycle

1. Ventricular Systole: atria relax, muscles

in the walls of ventricles contract,
decreasing the volume and increasing the
pressure. blood is forced into the arteries.
Semilunar valves are opened due to high
pressure. Atrioventricular valves are
closed to prevent backflow of blood to
atria. Semilunar valves will shut once the
blood gets into arteries to prevent
backflow of blood into ventricles
1. Atrial Systole: muscles in the
walls of atria contract
decreasing the volume and
increasing the pressure pushing
blood into the ventricles through
opened atrioventricular valves,
which are forced open due to
high pressure. Semilunar valves
are shut
 Cardiac Cycle

Fig: 9.11. P: 113

 Main Blood Vessels

Fig: 9.17
P: 115
 Coronary Heart Disease

Coronary arteries supplying the heart with

blood become blocked

The heart muscle is deprived of oxygen and

glucose and toxic wastes like lactic acid
build up in the heart

Cells become damaged and part of the heart

muscle stops contracting causing a heart
attack
 Coronary Heart Disease

 Cholesterol deposits in blood vessels forming a plaque

 Making the lumen of the artery narrower and arteries become stiffer

 Increasing blood pressure

 Endothelial lining of the artery becomes damaged and blood clots form

 Blood clotting stops the blood from getting through forming a thrombosis

 If it is a blood vessel supplying the heart that is blocked, the person suffers
from a heart attack or might suffer from a stroke if it is one of the vessels in
the brain since cells will not receive any blood containing oxygen and
glucose so they will not be able to carry out aerobic respiration to release
the energy needed for contraction so some heart cells or brain cells die
Coronary Heart Disease

Fig: 9.7 and 9.8

P: 111
 Causes of CHD

1. Smoking
2. Age
3. Gender
4. Obesity
5. Stress
6. Genes
7. High Blood Pressure
8. Cholesterol levels in blood: high levels of
LDL(low density lipoproteins) and low levels of
HDL ( high density lipoproteins) increase risks
of CHD
 HDL vs.LDL

HDL FOODS : NUTS ,

F I S H , B E A N S , AV O C A D O
CHIA SEEDS , FLAX SEED
L D L F O O D S : O I L S , M E AT, E G G S , C H E E S E
 Treating CHD

1. Drugs that lower cholesterol levels in blood like statins,

reduce the risk of blood clots like Aspirin or Beta blockers
which decrease blood pressure

2. Angioplasty: inflating the collapsed artery by a balloon

which gets filled with water

3. Inserting a stent in the collapsed artery to keep it open

4. Damaged artery is replaced by another artery in coronary

bypass surgery

5. Heart Transplant
Stent
 Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=c8HjmEERv1k
 Heart Beat

 Normally, a heart beats 60 to 75 times per minute

 Pulse rate is used to measure heart beat

 Pulse represents the expansion and relaxation of the artery as a

result of blood being pumped through it

 Inside of the wrist and near the big tendons in the neck are
suitable for measuring pulse rate

 Heart beat is controlled by the pacemaker in the right atrium

 Heart rate increases during exercise

pacemaker
Blood Vessels
 Arteries

The function: is to transport oxygenated

blood at high pressure away from the heart
except :PA
Adaptations:
1. Thick and muscular walls to withstand
high pressure
2. Elastic walls that stretch and recoil when
blood is forced in or out
3. Narrow lumen to maintain high blood
pressure
 Veins

The function: is to transport deoxygenated

blood towards the heart at low pressure
Adaptations:
1. Have valves that prevent backflow of blood
2. Wide lumens and thin walls to reduce blood
flow resistance

Note: Present in between muscles to help the

blood move by muscle contraction
 Capillaries

The function: allow exchange of substances

between blood and tissues such that useful
substances (glucose and oxygen) to diffuse
into cells and wastes ( urea and CO2) to
diffuse out
Adaptations:
1. Have walls that are one cell thick to reduce
the distance for diffusion
2. Highly branched to increase the surface
area for diffusion
3. Present in large numbers (capillary beds)
 Red Blood cells

The Function: Carry/transport oxygen to body

cells

Adaptations:

1. Have a biconcave shape to squeeze into blood

capillaries and to provide a larger surface area for
carrying more O2
2. Have no nucleus to have more space to fit more
haemoglobin and to carry more O2
3. Have red protein haemoglobin which binds and
carries O2
 White blood cells

 Phagocytosis:
Phagocytes encounter a bacteria and recognise
the antigens on the bacteria as foreign antigens
Phagocytes engulf the bacteria into a vacuole
Phagocytes secrete enzymes that destroy the
bacteria
Destroyed bacteria is later released
This process is called phagocytosis

Fig: 9.21 and 9.22 P: 119

Table 9.3 P. 119
 Plasma

Plasma consists of mainly water and other

substances ( urea, CO2, hormones, nutrients)

Table 9.2, P: 118

 Platelets

Cell fragments with no nucleus.

The function: blood clotting

Advantages of blood clotting:

1. prevents excessive bleeding

2. Prevents pathogens from entering the body

through open wounds
 Blood Clotting

Blood vessels are damaged which activates

the platelets
A chain reaction occurs which activates the
protease enzyme thrombin
Thrombin turns the soluble protein fibrinogen
into the insoluble protein fibrin
Fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells
and platelets which stick together forming a
plug that seals the wound
Fig: 9.23. P: 120
Lymph vessel is green
present in all the body
 Lymphatic System

 Tissue fluid consists of plasma and WBC’s that leaked from the pores in
the capillary walls. It surrounds all cells in the body.
 It is important to facilitate the transfer wastes and nutrients between cells
and the blood and also to maintain an even temperature around the cells
 Tissue fluid returns to blood when it flows in lymph vessels. It is now
called the lymph fluid.
Adaptations of lymph vessels:
 Lymph vessels have valves to prevent backflow of lymph fluid and are
located between muscles so that every time muscles contract lymph fluid
is pushed forward.
 Lymph nodes produce new WBC’s, particularly lymphocytes

Lymphatic system has the functions of:

1. producing lymphocytes to strengthen immunity

2. Fig 9.27
absorption of fatty acids from P: 122
the small intestine