CHAPTER 10

Motivation and Emotion

 Book By Robert Feldmen

DR SYEDA NAZNEEN WASEEM

 LEARNING OUTCOME

Motivation and its types

Emotion and theories of emotion.

Students will be able to differentiate between motivation and

emotion
LAST CLASS QUICK REVISION
 MOTIVATION
 Motivation is any condition that initiates,
activates or maintains an organisms goal-
directed behavior.

 The factors that direct and energize the behavior of

humans and other organisms.
 MOTIVATION

SO WHY IT IS DIFFICULT TO BE
MOTIVATED ????
 TYPES OF MOTIVATION

 Intrinsic motivation
 A desire to perform a behavior originates within
the individual

 Extrinsic motivation
 A desire to perform a behavior to obtain an
external reward or avoid punishment
Which of the following are Intrinsic motivation& extrinsic
motivation?

1.You enjoy playing badminton because its fun.

2. Going on a business trip because you were ordered by boss

to do it so.

3. Helping other because you hope for praise.

4. Travelling because you want to explore different culture.

5. Cleaning to avoid making your partner angry.

6. Volunteering because it makes you feel content& fulfilled.

7.Going on a business trip because you were ordered by boss to do it so.

8. Paying tax because you want to avoid a fine.

9. Going to a new place because you want to post in on social media.

10. Learning new language because you like experiencing new things.
11. Volunteering in order to meet a school or work requirement.

12. Taking on more responsibility at work because you enjoy being

challenged & feeling accomplished.

13. Taking on more responsibility at work in order to receive a raise

or promotion

14. Learning about personal development because you want to

improve yourself.

15. Cleaning because you enjoy a tidy space.

 THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
 Drive Reduction Theories
 Arousal theories
 Cognitive approaches
 Humanistic theories
 DRIVE-REDUCTION
APPROACHES
 Theories suggesting that a lack of a basic biological requirement such as water
produces a drive to obtain that requirement (in this case, the thirst drive).

Need
 A state of physiological imbalance usually accompanied by arousal.

Drive
 Motivational tension, or arousal, that energizes behavior to fulfill a need.
 DRIVE-REDUCTION APPROACHES
 Primary drives
 Many basic drives, such as hunger, thirst, sleep, are related to biological
needs of the body or of the species as a whole.

 Secondary drives
 Primary drives contrast with secondary drives in which behavior fulfills
no obvious biological need. In secondary drives, prior experience and
learning bring about needs.
 For instance, some people have strong needs to achieve academically and
professionally. We can say that their achievement need is reflected in a
secondary drive that motivates their behavior
 DRIVE-REDUCTION
APPROACHES
 Homeostasis, the body’s tendency to maintain a
steady internal state, underlies primary drives.
 The body tries maintain to balance internal state
to ensure survival.
 AROUSAL THEORY
 The arousal theory of motivation suggests in order to maintain optimal level of arousal, people are
driven to perform certain actions which varies from one individual to another.
 When the arousal level are below the optimal level we seek for stimulation e.g when we are hungry
we seek food in order to satisfy our hunger.
 E.g On the other hand we are alone for a while we seek for social companionship to satisfy our
social need.
 When the arousal level is higher than the optimal level we are too aroused overly stimulated as a
result we look for some pause or relaxation.
 Example: when you have eaten too much, you won’t eat for a while.
 When you have too much social contact you might seek for sometime alone. No matter what your
arousal needs are you will be motivated to act in order to maintain an optimal level.
 HUNGER – A PHYSIOLOGICALLY
BASED NEED
 Homeostasis:

 Ventromedial Hypothalamus – the ‘stopeating’ center/Satiety

enter signaling satiety (feeling full)

 Lateral hypothalamus – the ‘starteating’ center / Feeding center

associated with initiating hunger and promoting eating behavior
 EATING DISORDERS
 Anorexia nervosa
 A serious eating disorder that is associated with an
intense fear of weight gain and a distorted body image

 Bulimia Nervosa
 An eating disorder characterized by binges of
eating
followed by self-induced purging
 A disorder in which a person binges on large
quantities
of food, followed by efforts to purge the food through
vomiting or other means.
 COGNITIVE APPROACHES
 Theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people’s thoughts,
expectations, and goals—their cognitions. (the mental action or process
of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses).

 For instance, the degree to which people are motivated to study for a test is based
on
their expectation or thoughts of how well studying will pay off in terms of a good
grade.

 Cognitive theories of motivation draw a key distinction between intrinsic

and extrinsic motivation.
 HUMANISTIC THEORY - MASLOW’S
Maslow’s modelHIERARCHY
places
motivational needs in a
hierarchy and suggests that
before more sophisticated,
higher-order needs can be met,
certain primary needs must be
satisfied
 MASLOW’S HIERARCHY
 The basic needs are primary drives: needs for water, food, sleep, sex, and the like.
To
move up the hierarchy, a person must first meet these basic physiological needs.
Safety needs come next in the hierarchy; Maslow suggests that people need a safe,
secure environment in
order to function effectively. Physiological and safety needs compose the lower-order
needs.

 Only after meeting the basic lower-order needs can a person consider fulfilling
higher
order needs, such as the needs for love and a sense of belonging, esteem, and
self-actualization. Love and belongingness needs include the needs to obtain and give
affection and to be a contributing member of some group or society. After fulfilling
these needs, a person strives for esteem. In Maslow’s thinking, esteem relates to
the need to develop a sense of self-worth by recognizing that others know and value
one’s competence.

 Once these four sets of needs are fulfilled—no easy task—a person is able to strive
for the
highest-level need, self-actualization. Self-actualization is a state of self-fulfillment in
which people realize their highest potentials in their own unique way.
NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT - STRIVING
FOR SUCCESS
A stable, learned characteristic in which a person
obtains
satisfaction by striving for and attaining a level of
excellence

A desire to excel, to overcome obstacles, and to

accomplish
difficult things
NEED FOR AFFILIATION - STRIVING FOR
FRIENDSHIP
 An interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other
people

 People who have higher affiliation needs are particularly sensitive to

relationships with others. They desire to be with their friends more of the
time
and alone less often, compared with people who are lower in the need for
affiliation
NEED FOR POWER: STRIVING FOR
IMPACT ON OTHERS
 A tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others and to
be seen as a powerful individual.

 They also tend to work in professions in which their power needs

may be
fulfilled, such as business management and—you may or may not be
surprised—teaching
EMOTION
 EMOTION

 Emotions are feelings that generally have both

physiological and cognitive elements and that influence
behavior.
 ELEMENTS OF EMOTIONS

 Feelings – the subjective feeling of happiness or

sadness (private, personal and unique)

 Physiological Responses – increased heart rate etc

 Behaviors – e.g. Smiling, crying

 BASIC EMOTIONS
 Robert Plutchik's (1980) classification system

 Primary emotions
 these eight primary emotions are grouped into polar
opposites, based on the physiological reaction each
emotion creates in animals:
 Joy is the opposite of Sadness.
Physiology: Connect vs withdraw
 Fear is the opposite of Anger.
Physiology: Get small and hide vs get big and loud
 Anticipation is the opposite of Surprise.
Physiology: Examine closely vs jump back
 Disgust is the opposite of Trust.
Physiology: Reject vs embrace
Secondary emotions

 Plutchik identified secondary

dyads, which
are combinations of primary
emotions that are once
removed from each other on
the wheel of emotions.
Examples of secondary dyads
include: Guilt: the
combination of joy and fear.
Curiosity: the combination of
trust and surprise.
DO PEOPLE IN ALL CULTURES
EXPRESS
EMOTION SIMILARLY?
 Hundreds of studies of nonverbal behavior show that these
emotions are consistently distinct and identifiable even by
untrained observers
(Ekman & O’Sullivan, 1991).
 THE FUNCTIONS OF
 EMOTIONS
1. Preparing us for action
Emotions act as a link between events in our environment and our responses.
For example, if you saw an angry dog charging toward you, your emotional reaction
(fear) would be associated with physiological arousal of the sympathetic division of
the
autonomic nervous system, the activation of the “fight-or-flight” response
the fight or flight response is an automatic physiological reaction to an event that is
perceived as stressful or frightening. The perception of threat activates the
sympathetic nervous system and triggers an acute stress response that prepares the
body to fight or flee.

2. Shaping our future behavior

 Emotions promote learning that will help us make appropriate responses in the future.
For instance, your emotional response to unpleasant events teaches you to avoid
similar circumstances in the future
 THE FUNCTIONS OF EMOTIONS
3. Helping us interact more effectively with others
 We often communicate the emotions we experience through our
verbal and nonverbal behaviors, making our emotions obvious to
observers.
 These behaviors can act as a signal to observers, allowing them
to understand better what we are experiencing and to help them
predict our future behavior.
 THEORIES OF EMOTION
 James-Lange theory

 Cannon-Bard theory

 Cognitive Theory – The Schachter-

Singer theory
 THE JAMES-LANGE THEORY
 The James –Lange theory suggest that emotions are the result of physical
changes in the body.
 Example: you’re walking in the dark alley in the middle of the night. Suddenly you hear
some strange noises and your heart rate increases. According to James Lange theory of
Emotion, you will conclude that you're scared because your heart is beating really fast.
 People experience physiological changes and then interpret them as emotional
states
 People do not cry because they feel sad; they feel sad because they cry
 James-Lange theory says that people do not experience an emotion until after their
bodies become aroused and begin to respond with physiological changes; that is feedback
from the body produces feelings or emotions.
 THE CANNON-BARD THEORY
 The belief that both physiological arousal and emotional experience
are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus.

 Stimuli simultaneously cause biological changes and emotions

 Emotional feelings accompany physiological changes.

 Cannon argued that when a person is emotional, two areas of the brain
– the hypothalamus and the cerebral cortex – are stimulated
simultaneously. Stimulation of the cortex produces emotional component
of the experience; stimulation of the thalamus produces physiological
changes in the sympathetic nervous system.
 THE SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY
 The Schachter singer two factor theory of emotion
is
another variation on theories of emotion. According
to this
theory, emotions are composed of two factors:
Physiological and cognitive labelling.
THE SCHACHTER-SINGER THEORY