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Logic

The document provides an overview of logic, focusing on the classification and operations of propositions, including simple and compound types. It explains various sentence types, logical operators, and the construction of truth tables. Additionally, it includes exercises for identifying propositions and constructing truth tables for different logical expressions.

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Thalia Evangeline
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11 views30 pages

Logic

The document provides an overview of logic, focusing on the classification and operations of propositions, including simple and compound types. It explains various sentence types, logical operators, and the construction of truth tables. Additionally, it includes exercises for identifying propositions and constructing truth tables for different logical expressions.

Uploaded by

Thalia Evangeline
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Logic

with Valid Reasoning and Sufficient Evidence


Lesson Target
illustrate a proposition, symbolize propositions,
01 and distinguish between simple and compound
propositions;

02 Perform different types of operations on


propositions; and

03 construct truth tables


What is logic?
It is defined as “the science of correct
reasoning.”.
Aristotle is one of the earliest logicians and one of the
most renowned. He was the student of Plato and the
tutor of Alexander the Great. His logic was used to
distinguish valid arguments from invalid arguments.
Classify each sentence as declarative,
imperative, interrogative, or exclamatory.

01 02 03 04 05
The Ouch! I Turn right Have you Please
principal cut my at the heard of reserve
will visit finger. fourth the good December
classes traffic news? 7 for me.
starting sign.
next week.
Kinds of Sentences
Declarative Imperative Interrogative Exclamatory

It is used It is used to It is used to It is used to


to make state ask a express
statement command, question. strong
of fact, request, or feelings.
wish, direction.
intent, or
feeling.
Kinds of Sentences
Simple Compound Compound Compound-
Complex Complex

It is a It is a sentence that It is sentence that Sentence is a


sentence that contains two or more contains one compound
has one independent clauses independent sentence with at
independent joined by clause and one or least one
clause. subordinating more dependent independent
conjunctions, clauses. clauses.
semicolons, followed
by a conjunctive
adverb.
Observe the following sentences and tell if it
true, false, or neither both.

01 02 03 04 05
Rowena Pass the October 5, When will 5+3=8
passed paper and 2020 was you and
the then leave Monday. submit 12 - 7 = 5
Mathemati the room. your
cs subject. project?
Proposition
It is a declarative sentence that can be classified as true or false, but no
both.

Sentences 1, 3, Sentences 2 and


and 5 are 4 cannot be
propositions answered as
being true or
false.
Simple Compound
A proposition that conveys contains two or more simple
propositions that are put
one thought with no
together using connective
connecting words. words such as and, or, not,
and if...then.
Example: Rowena is
Example: Rowena is passing in
passing in Mathematics.
Mathematics, but she is failing in
Philosophy.
Compound propositions
Conjunction Conditional Negation

Disjunction Biconditional
Conjunction
Two propositions connected using the
word AND.
Disjunction
Two simple propositions that are
connected using the word OR
Conditional
Two simple propositions that are
connected using the words IF and THEN
Biconditional
Two conditional statements where the
antecedent and consequent of the first
statement have been switched in the second
statement.
Negation
It is a statement that is false whenever the given
statement is true, and true whenever the given
statement is false.
Decide whether each of the following is
proposition or not.
01 The number 4 is even and less than 12.

02 Cebu City is known as “The Queen City of the


South.”
03 How old are you?
04 Open your window.

05 Central market is known for its delicious dried fish.

06 Mindanao is an island in the Philippines.


07 Who is your crush?
08 What is the domain of the function?
Classify each proposition as SIMPLE or compound. If it is compound, classify
it as a negation, conjunction, disjunction, conditional, or biconditional.

01 My friend took his master’s degree in Spain.


02 Roses are red, but violets are blue.

03 You are entitled to a 30% discount if you are a membe

04 Roel was on time, but Tom was late.

05 Either he watches a movie or dines with his frien

06 If it is an acute angle, then it is less than 90


degrees.
Let p represents “Robin can swim” and let q be “Tom
plays guitar.
Write each symbolic
statement in words.
1.p v q
2.p v ~q
3.~ (p v q)
4.~(p ^ q)
Recall
Logical Operators
Truth table for p and q
p q
T T
T F
F T
F F
Negation
If we negate p and p is true, then ~p must be false, and
if p is false, then ~p must be true.

p ~p
T F
F T
Conjunction
The connective and implies the idea of “both”. For the conjunction
p ^ q to be true, both p and q must be true, otherwise the
conjunction ispfalse. q p^q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
Disjunction
The connective or implies that p is true, or q is true, or both are
true. A disjunction allows us to express alternatives.
p q pvq
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
Conditional
The conditional may also be read as ‘p implies q’. The proposition
p is called the hypothesis, while the proposition q is called
conclusion. p q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Biconditional
The proposition may also be written as ‘p if and only if q’ (p iff q).
The propositions p and q are the components of the biconditional.
p q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Your turn!
Construct a truth table for each given compound proposition.

1.(p ^ q) v (~p ^ ~q)


2.~(p ^ q)
3.q ^ (p v q)
Seatwork
Construct a truth table for each given compound
proposition.

1. p
2. (p v q) v (p ^ ~q)

3. ~q v (p ^ q)
Assignment (Orion)
Construct a truth table for each given compound
proposition.

1. p
2. (p ^ q) v (p ^ ~q)

3. q v ~(p ^ q)
Thank you for
listening

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