GROSS ANATOMY
Dr. Baribor Maakai BSc (UPH), MSc (UK), MD (Caribbean)
Department of Anatomy
Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences
College of Health Sciences
University of Port Harcourt
Anatomy
Anatomy -
Study of the structure of the
body and the relationship
between the body parts.
the term anatome, a Greek
word meaning "cutting up “or
Dissection.
Hippocrates is the Father of
Medicine and a founder of the
science of anatomy.
Approaches to Studying Anatomy
Regional anatomy
(topographical
anatomy)
Systemic anatomy
Clinical anatomy
Regional Anatomy
the method of studying the
body by regions.
deals with structural
relationships of the parts of
the body in the region
Surface anatomy is a
method for studying the
anatomy of the living body
at rest and in action.
Systemic Anatomy
Systemic anatomy is the study of the body
systems.
integumentary system (dermatology)
skeletal system (osteology)
articular system (arthrology)
muscular system (myology)
nervous system (neurology)
circulatory system (angiology)
digestive or alimentary system (gastroenterology)
respiratory system (Pulmonology)
urinary system (urology)
reproductive or genitalsystem (gynecology in
females and andrology in males)
endocrine system (endocrinology)
Clinical Anatomy
Clinical anatomy emphasizes aspects of
structure and function of the body that
are important in the practice of
medicine.
Anatomicomedical Terminology
learn the correct nomenclature /
terminology
enables precise communication among
health care professionals worldwide
you must also know what the common
terms refer to medical term.
Descriptive terms
Anatomical positions.
Anatomical planes.
Anatomical regions.
Body regions.
Terms of movements.
Terms of Relationship and
Comparison
Anatomical positions
All anatomical descriptions are
expressed in relation to the anatomical
position
This anatomical position is adopted
worldwide for giving anatomicomedical
descriptions.
By using this position, you can relate any
part of the body to any other part.
Anatomical positions
Supine
ERECT/
STANDING/
UPRIGHT
SUPINE
(recumbent, lying
PRONE
LATERAL down, face upward)
DECUBITUS
LITHOTOMY
prone
(face downward).
TRENDOLENBER
G
FOWLER'S
Right Lateral Recumbent /decubitus
The Right lateral recumbent, or RLR, means
that the patient is lying on their right side.
Left Lateral Recumbent /decubitus
The left lateral recumbent, or LLR, means
that the patient is lying on their left side.
Fowler's Position /prop up
A person in the Fowler's position is sitting straight
up or leaning slightly back. Their legs may either
be straight or bent. A ‘high fowlers’ position is
somewhat who is sitting upright. A ‘low fowlers’
position is someone whose head is only slightly
elevated.
Trendelenberg Position
A person in the Trendelenberg position is lying
supine with their head slightly lower than their feet.
lithotomy lying on their back with the hips
and knees flexed and the thighs apart
Anatomical planes
Anatomical planes
Median
Median plane - the
Sagital vertical plane passing
Midsagital
longitudinally through
Parasagital
Paramedia
the body Dividing it
n
into right and left
halves.
Sagittal planes are
vertical planes passing
Anatomical planes
Coronal
Coronal planes are vertical
planes planes passing through the
body at right angles to the
Horizontal median plane, dividing it into
(transverse)
planes anterior (front) and posterior
(back) portions.
Horizontal (transverse)
planes are planes passing
through the body at right
angles to the median and
coronal planes. A horizontal
Anatomical regions / Body regions
SECTIONS
Anatomists create sections of
the body and its parts
anatomically
Longitudinal sections run
lengthwise
Transverse sections, or
cross sections, are slices of
the body –right angles to
Terms of movements
Flexion indicates bending or
Flexion decreasing the angle between the
Extensi
bones or parts of the body.
on Extension indicates straightening or
increasing the angle between the bones
Abducti or parts of the body.
on
Adducti
Abduction means moving away from
on the median plane in the coronal plane
Adduction means moving toward he
median plane in a coronal plane
Terms of movements
EXTENSI
ON
FLEXION
Terms of movements
EXTENSI
ON
FLEXION
Terms of movements
EXTENSI
ON
FLEXION
Terms of movements
EXTENSI
ON
FLEXION
Terms of movements
EXTENSI
ON
FLEXION
Terms of movements
EXTENSI
ON
FLEXION
ABDUCTION
ADDUCTIO
N
ROTATION
Terms of movements
ROTATION
Rotation
MEDIAL involves turning or revolving a part of
the body around its longitudinal axis.
LATERAL
Medial rotation (internal rotation)
brings the anterior surface of a limb
closer to the median plane
lateral rotation (external rotation)
takes the anterior surface away
from the median
ABDUCTION
ADDUCTIO
N
ROTATION
Terms of movements
Circumductio
Circumduction is a circular
n movement that is a combination of
Opposition flexion, abduction, extension, and
Reposition adduction.
Opposition is the movement by
which the pad of the 1st digit
(thumb) is brought to another digit
pad.
Reposition describes the
movement of the 1st digit from the
position of opposition back to its
anatomical position.
CIRCUMDUCTI
ON
OPPOSITIO
N
REPOSITION
Terms of movements
Protrusio Protrusion is a movement
n
anteriorly (forward)
Retrusion
Retrusion is a movement
Elevation
posteriorly (backward)
Depressio
n
Elevation raises or moves a
protraction
part superiorly
Retraction
Depression lowers or moves a
part inferiorly
Terms of movements
Eversion Eversion moves the sole of
Inversion the foot away from the median
plane (turning the sole
laterally).
Inversion moves the sole of
the foot toward the median
plane (facing the sole
medially).
Terms of movements
Pronation is the movement of the
Pronation
forearm and hand that rotates the
radius medially around its
Supinatio longitudinal axis so that the palm
n of the hand faces posteriorly and
its dorsum faces anterioly.
Supination is the movement of
the forearm and hand that rotates
the radius laterally around its
longitudinal axis so that the
dorsum of the hand faces
posteriorly and the palm faces
anteriorly
Terms of Relationship and Comparison
SUPERFICIAL
INTERMEDIAT
E
DEEP
Terms of Relationship and Comparison
PROXIM
AL
DISTAL
Terms of Relationship and Comparison
DORSUM
PALM
PLANTAR
Terms of Relationship and Comparison
SUPERIOR
INFERIOR
POSTERIO
R
ANTERIOR
MEDIAL
LATERAL
Terms of Relationship and Comparison
SUPERIOR
INFERIOR
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
MEDIAL
LATERAL
INFEROMED
IAL
SUPEROLAT
ERAL
Terms of Laterality
bilateral,
unilateral.
Ipsilateral
Contralat
SKIN AND FASCIA
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
VASCULAR SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
BONES
CARTLAGES
JOINTS
MEDICAL IMAGING
TECHNIQUES
SKIN AND FASCIA
The
skin--
the
body'
s
larges
t
organ
.
Functions
Protection
from the environment, abrasions, fluid loss
(e.g., in minor burns), harmful substances,
and invading Microorganisms
Heat regulation
the sweat glands and blood vessels
Sensation
superficial nerves and their sensory
endings.
Layers
The epidermis
a superficial cellular layer
avascular epidermis
Has afferent nerve endings
sensitive to touch, irritation
(pain), and temperature
Layers
The dermis
a deep connective tissue layer.
formed by a dense layer of interlacing
collagen and elastic fibers.
The collagen fibers produce
characteristic tension and wrinkle lines
Vascularized
DERMIS CONTAIN
hair follicles
arrector muscles of
hairs (arrector pill
muscles)
sebaceous glands
sweat glands
Tension
/
cleavag
e
(Langer
's)
lines in
the
SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE
The subcutaneous tissue is composed of loose,
fatty connective tissue.
thermal regulator,
protection for the skin from bony
prominences
Located between the dermis and underlying
deep fascia
contains fat,sweat glands, blood vessels,
lymphatics, and cutaneous nerves.
Skin ligaments (retinacula cutis)- determine
the mobility of the skin
DEEP FASCIA
The deep fascia is a dense,
organized connective tissue
layer that
invests deep structures
limit outward expansion of
the muscles.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscle cells-often called muscle fibers
There are three types of muscle
Skeletal muscle, which moves bones and
other structures (e.g., the eyes)
Cardiac muscle, which forms most of the
walls of the heart and adjacent parts of the
great vessels, such as the aorta
Smooth muscle, which forms part of the walls
of most vessels and hollow organs, moves
substances through viscera such as the
intestine, and controls movement through
blood vessels.
SKELETAL MUSCLES
Skeletal muscles produce
movements of the skeleton and
other parts.
voluntary muscles
Skeletal muscles are also referred
to as "striated" or "striped"
muscle because of the
appearance
SKELETAL MUSCLE
CONT…..
Skeletal Muscle
Most skeletal muscles are attached
directly or indirectly through tendons to
bones,
cartilages,
ligaments,
fascia, or
to some combination of these
structures. .
SKELETAL MUSCLE
CONT…..
Skeletal Muscle
Some skeletal muscles are
attached
to organs (the eyeball, for
example),
to skin (such as facial muscles), and
to mucous membrane (intrinsic
tongue muscles).
SKELETAL MUSCLE CONT…..
Attachments of muscles
are commonly described
as the origin and
insertion;
the origin is usually the
proximal end
the insertion is usually
SKELETAL MUSCLES cont…..
Muscles may be described or classified according
to their shape
Flat muscles with parallel fibers
Pennate muscles, which are featherlike (L.
pennatus)
A fusiform muscle, which is spindle-shaped
A quadrate muscle, which has four equal border
Circular or sphincteral muscle.
The structural unit of a muscle is a muscle
fiber.
A motor unit is the functional unit consisting of
a motor neuron
CARDIAC MUSCLE
Cardiac muscle forms the
muscular wall of the heart
(myocardiurn).
Cardiac muscle fibers have the
same general pattern of
striations as skeletal muscle
fibers ; however, they are
traversed at intervals by
intercalated
SMOOTH MUSCLES
so-called because of the
lack of striations in the
appearance of the muscle
fibers under microscopy
ANS
CARDIO VASCULAR SYSTEM
The heart and blood vessels
make up a blood
transportation network the
cardiovascular system
There are three types of blood
vessel:
arteries,
veins, and
ARTERIES
Arteries carry blood from
the heart and distribute it
to the body.
The blood passes through
arteries of ever
decreasing caliber.
VEINS
Veins return blood from the
capillary beds to the heart.
The large pulmonary veins
are atypical in that they
carry well-oxygenated
blood
tributaries unite to form
arteries--accompanying veins
(L. venae
comitantes )
CAPILLARIES
Capillaries are simple
endothelial tubes
connecting the arterial and
venous sides of the
circulation.
They are generally
arranged in networks--
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
The lymphatic system is part
of the circulatory system
The lymphatic system is a
vast network of lymphatics
(lymphatic vessels) that are
connected with lymph nodes
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
CONSISTS OF
Lymphatic plexuses,
Lymphatics,
Lymph nodes
After traversing
one or more
lymph nodes,
lymph enters
larger lymphatic
vessels--
lymphatic trunks
that unite to
form either the
thoracic duct or
the right
lymphatic duct
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Structurally into the
central nervous system (CNS) and
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• Functionally into the
somatic nervous system (SNS)
and
autonomic nervous system
(ANS).
Central nervous system
(CNS)
The CNS consists of the brain
and spinal cord
The principal roles of the CNS
are to:
Integrate and coordinate incoming
and outgoing neural signals
Carry out higher mental functions
such as thinking and learning.
Peripheral nervous
system (PNS)
The PNS consists of ( outside the
CNS)
nerve fibers
cell bodies
that conduct impulses to or away
from the CNS
A collection of nerve cell bodies
outside the CNS is a ganglion
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cont…
Peripheral nerves are either cranial or
spinal nerves.
Cranial nerves
Eleven pairs of cranial nerves arise
from the brain;
the 12th pair arises mostly from the
superior part of the spinal cord.
All cranial nerves exit the cranial
cavity through foramina (openings)
in the cranium.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cont…
Spinal nerves
The 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Cervical - 8
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5
Coccygeal - 1
exit through intervertebral foramina in the
vertebral column (spine).
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cont…
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cont…
A typical spinal nerve arises from the
spinal cord by rootlets, which
converge to form two nerve roots
The ventral (anterior) root
The dorsal (posterior) root
The dorsal and ventral nerve roots
unite to form a mixed spinal nerve
that immediately divides into two
rami
anterior and posterior
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Cont…
The dorsal rami
supply nerve fibers to the
synovial joints of the vertebral
column, deep muscles of the
back, and the overlying skin.
The ventral rami
supply nerve fibers to the much
larger remaining area, consisting
Somatic nervous system (SNS)
composed of somatic parts of the CNS and PNS
provides sensory and motor innervation to all
parts of the body (soma),
except the viscera in the body cavities, smooth muscle,
and glands .
The somatic sensory system transmits
sensations of touch, pain, temperature,
and position from sensory receptors.
The somatic motor system permits voluntary
and reflexive movement by causing
contraction of skeletal muscles.
Autonomic nervous system (ANS).
The efferent nerve fibers and
ganglia of the ANS are organized
into two systems or divisions:
• Sympathetic (thoracolumbar)
division
• Parasympathetic
(craniosacral) division.
MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES
The most commonly used medical
imaging techniques are:
• Conventional radiography
(plain films)
• CT
• Ultrasonography (sonography)
• MRI
• Nuclear medicine imaging.
RADIOGRAPHY
Bones and joints are
readily visualized on
radiographs
(roentgenograms).
Radiological anatomy is
the study of the structure
and function of the body
COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY
CT scans show radiographic
images of the body that
resemble transverse
anatomical sections.
During this process, a beam of
X-rays passes through the body
as the X-ray tube moves in an
arc or a circle around the body.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Ultrasonography
(sonography) visualizes
superficial or deep
structures in the body by
recording pulses of
ultrasonic waves reflecting
off the tissues.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
MRI is better for tissue differentiation.
MRIs resemble anatomical sections closely,
especially in the brain
The person is put in a scanner with a strong
magnetic field and is pulsed with radiowaves.
The signals emitted from the patient are stored
in a computer and reconstructed into various
images of the body.
The appearance of tissues on the generated
images can be varied by controlling how
radiofrequency pulses are sent and received.
BONE SCANS
Nuclear Medicine
Imaging
Nuclear medicine imaging
techniques provide informa-
tion about the distribution of
trace amounts of radioactive
substances introduced into
the body.
Nudear medicine scans
show images of specific
organs following intravenous
(I.V.) injection of a small
