C++ Note

Simple Program
Main Function
Main Function
Comments
Header

 #include <iostream>
 Allow the program to have input (cin) and output (cout) streams.

https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/standard-
library/cmath?view=msvc-170
Namespaces

 Namespace std;
 Is called using a directive.
End of line manuipulator (endl)

 Cout << “\n”;

 Cout << endl;
Variable declaration

 Declare statements (create a variable)

 Int carrots;
 Assignment statements
 Carrots = 25;
Concatenation
C++ Data Types
Built-in Data Types – Primitive types
C++ Data Types

 Built-in Data Types – Primitive types

 Signed and Unsigned Data Types
 A signed data type permits storing negative values in addition to 0 and
positive values, so int is a signed data type.
 An unsigned data type provides for only non-negative values (that is, 0 and
positive values).
 Some applications require only unsigned numerical values. For example, many date
applications store dates in the numerical form yearmonthday (storing 12/25/2012 as
20121225, for example) and are concerned only with dates after 0 CE.
 For these applications, which never require a negative value, an
unsigned data type can be used.
C++ Data Types
C++ Data Types
C++ Data Types
C++ Data Types
C++ Data Types
C++ Type Modifiers
Example programs
CH-3: Assignment Operations

 variable = expression;
CH-3: Assignment Operations
sum += 96;
 variable = expression; sum -= 97;
sum *= 7;
sum /= 9;
sum %= 4;
 CH-3: Counting Operations (Counter)
 variable = expression;

i = i + 1; i += 1;
n = n + 1; n += 1;
count = count + count += 1;
1; j += 2;
j = j + 2; m += 2;
m = m + 2; kk += 3;
kk = kk + 3;

i ++;
n ++;
count ++;
j ++;
m ++;
kk ++;
CH-3: Example Program
CH-3: Manipulators
Flags
 The flag refers to an item, such as a variable or an argument, that sets
a condition usually considered active or nonactive.
Using Mathematical Library Functions

 #include <cmath>
Degree to Radian
 Persian calendar = 360 days (The sun follows the ecliptic path over the
year)
 One degree each day
Degree to Radian
 Persian calendar = 360 days (The sun follows the ecliptic path over the
year)
 One degree each day

360 degree = 2𝝅 radian

1 degree = 𝝅/180 radian

𝝅/180 radian
180/ 𝝅
1 degree = => radian = degree *

1 radian = 180/ 𝝅 degree => degree = radian *

Cast – Type Conversion

 Cast => (type) expression; for example: c = (int) a;

 CH4: Selection Structures

Single Statement Compound Statements

 If else  If else
  if “I am hungry”
if “I am hungry”
{
“I will eat” ;
“I will go to restaurant.” ;
 else
“I will eat.”;
“I won’t eat”; “I will go home after that.”
}
 Else
{
“I won’t eat.”;
“I won’t drink.”;
}
 CH4: Selection Structures
 If else
 if 5>4
“do something” ;
 else
“do nothing”;
CH4: Logical Operators
Example
 CH4: Selection Structures

“If - else if – else” Statement “Nested if” Statement

 If - else if - else  Nested if

 if  If
 Else if  If

 Else if  else

 Else

 If
 If
 else

 else
Nested if
If - else if - else
 CH4: Selection Structures
“switch” Statement

 switch ( expression )
{
case value 1:
statement1;
etc…
break;
case value 2:
statement2;
etc…
break;
default:
statement;
}
If and Switch

“if” Statement “switch” Statement

CH5: Repetition Statements
“while” Statement “for” Statements
count = 1; for (i = 1; i <= 10;
while (count <= 10) i++)
{ {
cout << count << " "; cout << i << " ";
count++;
}
}

“nested while” Statement “nested for” Statement

while (count <= 10) for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{ {
while ( count < = 2) for (j = 1; j <= 10; j++)
{ {
// ….. ; // ….. ;
} }
} }
Examples
Example

y = 10x2 + 3x – 2

while (x <= 3)
for ( x = 1; x <= 3; x++)
{
{ y = (10 * x * x)
+ (3 * x) – 2;
y = (10 * x * x) + (3 * x) – 2;
x ++;
} }

 Output:
x=1 => y = 10+3-2 = 11
x=2 => y = 40+6-2 = 44
x=3 => y = 90+9-2 = 97
X=4 (condition false)
Nested loop

Output

*****
*****
*****
Random number

rand() => to generate the random number

srand( time(NULL) ) function => use system time

time() – reads the computer’s internal clock in seconds, to initialize

the random number.
 CH5: Repetition Statements

“do while” Statement

do
{
statement 1;
etc….
}
while (count != 0);
CH6: Function

 Main Function – door to program

 int main()
{
return 0;
}

 Other Function (module) – to be called from main() function.

 int findMax (int a, int b)
{
Statements to find maximum number between a and b.
return 0;
}
CH6: Function

 Main Function – door to program

 void main()
{
return 0;
}

 Other Function (module) – to be called from main() function.

 void findMax (int a, int b)
{
Statements to find maximum number between a and b.
return 0;
}
 CH6: Function Overloading

 void cdabs (int x)  void cdabs (float x)

{ {

if (x < 0) if (x < 0)

X = -x; X = -x;

cout << “The absolute value is “ << cout << “The absolute value is “ <<
x << endl; x << endl;

} }

 void cdabs (double x)

{
if (x < 0)
X = -x;
cout << “The absolute value is “ <<
x << endl;
}
Inline Function
Passing by Values and
Passing by References
Passing by Values and
Passing by References
Global Variable