• Introduction to Different Numeric Types,

Type Conversion,
• Mathematical Functions,
• Random Numbers.
• Creating and Accessing Strings,
Operations on Strings, Indexing, Slicing,
String Manipulations, Pre-defined
functions on Strings.
•
• File I/O-Opening and Closing files,
• Different modes, File attributes, Read,
Write Operations, File Positions.
Renaming and Deleting Files, various
directory handling functions.
Introduction to Different Numeric Types
There are three numeric types in Python:
•int
•float
•complex
Variables of numeric types are created when you assign a value to
them

Example:
x = 1 # int
y = 2.8 # float
z = 1j # complex
 Introduction to Different Numeric Types
Int
• Int, or integer, is a whole number, positive or negative, without decimals, of
unlimited length

x = 1
y = 35656222554887711
z = -3255522

print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))
 Introduction to Different Numeric Types
Float
• Float, or "floating point number" is a number, positive or negative, containing one
or more decimals.

x = 1.10
y = 1.0
z = -35.59

print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))

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 Introduction to Different Numeric Types
Complex
• Complex numbers are written with a "j" as the imaginary part:

x = 3+5j
y = 5j
z = -5j

print(type(x))
print(type(y))
print(type(z))

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 Type Conversion
• You can convert from one type to another with the int(), float(), and complex() methods:
#convert from int to float:
x = float(1)

#convert from float to int:

y = int(2.8)

#convert from int to complex:

z = complex(1)

print(x) 1.0
print(y)
print(z) 2
(1+0j)
print(type(x)) <class 'float'>
print(type(y)) <class 'int'>
print(type(z))
<class 'complex'>

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 25

Mathematical Functions
• The min() and max() functions can be used to find the lowest or highest value in an iterable:
x = min(5, 10, 25)
y = max(5, 10, 25)

print(x) 5
print(y) 25

• The math.ceil() method rounds a number upwards to its nearest integer, and
the math.floor() method rounds a number downwards to its nearest integer, and returns
the result:

import math

x = math.ceil(1.4)
y = math.floor(1.4)

print(x) # returns 2
print(y) # returns 1
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 25

Mathematical Functions
The math.fmod() method returns the remainder (modulo) of x/y.
import math

# Return the remainder of x/y

print(math.fmod(20, 4)) 0
print(math.fmod(20, 3)) 2

import math

print(math.pow(2, 3)) #8

import math

print (math.sqrt(9)) #3
print (math.sqrt(25))
#5
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 Mathematical Functions
import math

#Return factorial of a number

print(math.factorial(3)) #6
print(math.factorial(5))
#120

import math

T= (1, 2, 3)
L = (3, 4, 5)
#Return the product of the elements
print(math.prod(T)) #6
print(math.prod(L)) #60

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 Random Numbers
randint():Returns a random number between the given range

import random
#returns a number between 3 and 9 (both included)
print(random.randint(3, 9)) #4

random(): Returns a random float number between 0 and 1

import random

print(random.random()) #0.627

choice() : The choice() method returns a randomly selected element from the specified
sequence.

import random

mylist = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] apple

print(random.choice(mylist))

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 Python program where the user has to guess a randomly
generated number
import random

def guess_the_number():
# Generate a random number between 1 and 100
secret_number = random.randint(1, 100)

print("Welcome to Guess the Number Game!")

attempts = 0

while True:
# Get user's guess
guess = int(input("Enter your guess: "))
attempts += 1
# Check if the guess is correct
if guess == secret_number:
print(f"Congratulations! You guessed the number in {attempts} attempts.")
break
elif guess < secret_number:
print("Too low. Try again.")
else:
print("Too high. Try again.")

guess_the_number()

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 Strings
• String is sequence/array of characters.
• Strings in python are surrounded by either single quotation marks, or double
quotation marks.

• a=‘hello’ b=“Python”

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 Indexing, and Slicing
str = 'programiz'
print( str[0])
print(str[-1])
p
print(str[:3] ) z
print(str[4:] ) pro
ramiz
print(str[1:5] ) rogr
print(str[5:-2]) am
programizprogramizprogramiz
print( str * 3)

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 Operations on Strings
Compare Two Strings
• We use the == operator to compare two strings. If two strings are
equal, the operator returns True. Otherwise, it returns False.

Example:
str1 = "Hello, world!"
str2 = "I love Python."
str3 = "Hello, world!"

# compare str1 and str2

print(str1 == str2) False
True
# compare str1 and str3
print(str1 == str3)
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 Operations on Strings
Join Two or More Strings
• In Python, we can join (concatenate) two or more strings
using the + operator.

greet = "Hello, "

name = "Jack"
result = greet + name
print(result)

# Output: Hello, Jack

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 Operations on Strings
Python String Length
• In Python, we use the len() method to find the length of a string.

greet = 'Hello’
print(len(greet)) # Output: 5

String Membership Test

• We can test if a substring exists within a string or not, using the keyword in

Example:
not in:
in:
txt = "The best things in life are
txt = "The best things in life are free!"
free!"
if "free" in txt:
if "expensive" not in txt:
print("Yes, 'free' is present.")
print("No, 'expensive' is NOT
else:
present.")
print("Yes, 'free' is not present.")
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 Looping Through a String
• Since strings are arrays, we can loop through the characters in a string, with a for loop.
Syntax:
for variable in String:
print(variable)
Ex:
str="Python"
for i in str: P
print(i) y
t
h
o
n

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 Looping Through a String Programs
1. Write a python program to count no of a’s in your name?
Ex: Devansh o/p: 1

2. Write a python program to remove the vowels in the given string

3 . Write a pthon program Remove Punctuations From a String

I/P: "Hello!!!, he said ---and went.“
O/P: Hello he said and went

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 Write a python program to count no of a’s in your name?

name= "Havya"
count=0
for char in name:
if char== 'a':
count=count+1
print("No of a in my name is:",count)

No of a in my name is: 2

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 Program to remove the vowels in the given string
vowels="aeiou"
my_str = "Hello I am Devansh"
no_vowel = ""
for char in my_str:
if char not in vowels:
no_vowel= no_vowel + char
print(no_vowel)

Hll I m Dvnsh

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 Program Remove Punctuations From a String

punctuations = '''!()-[]{};:'"\,<>./?@#$%^&*_~'''
my_str = "Hello!!!, he said ---and went."
no_punct = ""
for char in my_str:
if char not in punctuations:
no_punct = no_punct + char
print(no_punct)

Output:
Hello he said and went

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 Python String Methods

count():The count() method returns the number of times a specified value appears in the
string.

txt = "I love apples, apple is my favorite fruit"

x = txt.count("apple")
print(x) O/P: 2

capitalize() :It converts the first character of a string to upper case and the rest is lower
case.

txt = "python is FUN!"

x = txt.capitalize()
print (x) O/P: Python is fun!

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 Python String Methods

• The startswith() method returns True if the string starts with the specified value,
otherwise False.

txt = "welcome to my world."

x = txt.startswith("wel")
print(x) O/P: True

• The endswith() method returns True if the string ends with the specified value,
otherwise False.

txt = "Hello, welcome to my world."

x = txt.endswith("world.")
print(x)
O/P: True

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 Python String Methods
find():Searches the string for a specified value and returns the position of first occurrence where
it was found
• The find() method returns -1 if the value is not found.
rfind(): Searches the string for a specified value and returns the position of last occurrence
where it was found
1
txt = "Hello, welcome to my world."
13
x = txt.find("e")
y = txt.rfind("e")
print(x)
print(y)

index():Searches the string for a specified value and returns the position of first occurrence where it was
found
• The index() method returns exception if the value is not found.
txt = "Hello, welcome to my world."
O/P: 4
x = txt.index("o")
print(x)

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 Python String Methods

split():Splits the string based on separator, and returns a list

Ex1:
txt = "welcome to the Python Class"
x = txt.split()
print(x) O/P: ['welcome', 'to', 'the', 'Python', ‘Class']

Ex2:

txt = "hello, my name is Peter, I am 26 years old"

x = txt.split(", ")
print(x) ['hello', 'my name is Peter', 'I am 26 years old']

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 Python String Methods

• strip() removes any spaces at the beginning and at the end of the string
• lstrip() Remove spaces to the left of the string:
• rstrip() Remove spaces to the right of the string

txt = " banana "

x = txt.strip()
y = txt.lstrip()
z = txt.rstrip()
print(x)
print(y)
banana
print(z) banana
banana

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 Python String Methods
• The replace() method replaces a specified value with another value. .
txt = "one one was a race horse"
x = txt.replace("one", "three")
print(x)
O/P: three three was a race horse
• upper() : Converts a string into upper case

txt = "Hello my friends"

x = txt.upper()
print(x) O/P: HELLO MY FRIENDS

lower() :Converts a string into lower case

txt = "Hello my FRIENDS"

x = txt.lower()
print(x) O/P: hello my friends

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 Python String Methods
• The join() method takes all items from list/tuple and joins them into one string.

mylist = ["John", "Peter", "Vicky"]

x = " ".join(mylist)
print(x)
O/P: John Peter Vicky

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 Program to sort alphabetically the words form a
string
Version-1:
a
my_str = "hi this is a python class" class
words= my_str.split() hi
words.sort() is
python
this
for i in words:
print(i)

Version-1:
ori_str = "hi this is a python class"
words= ori_str.split()
words.sort()
sor_str=" ".join(words)
Orginal: hi this is a python class
print("Orginal:",ori_str) After Sorting: a class hi is python this
print("After Sorting:",sor_str)
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 File Handling
• A file is the collection of data stored on a disk in one unit identified by filename

Types of files
Text files Binary files
• Text files are structured as a sequence • Binary" files are any files where the format isn't made up
of lines, where each line includes a of readable characters.
sequence of characters. • Binary files can only be processed by an application that
know or understand the file’s format.
Web standards: html, xml, css, ... Common extensions that are binary file formats:
Source code: c, cpp, java, pl, php, , ... Images: jpg, png, gif, bmp, tiff, ...
Documents: txt, tex,rtf, ps, ... Videos: mp4, avi, mov, mpg, ...
Tabular data: csv, tsv, ... Audio: mp3, wav, wma, ...
Archive: zip, rar, 7z, tar, ...
Executable: exe, dll, so, class, ...
 file attributes:
1.Name: File name is the name given to the file. A name is usually a string of characters.
2.Identifier: Identifier is a unique number for a file. It identifies files within the file system. It is not
readable to us, unlike file names.
3.Type: Type is another attribute of a file which specifies the type of file such as archive file (.zip),
source code file (.c, .java), .docx file, .txt file, etc.
4.Location: Specifies the location of the file on the device (The directory path). This attribute is a
pointer to a device.
5.Size: Specifies the current size of the file (in Kb, Mb, Gb, etc.) and possibly the maximum allowed
size of the file.
6.Protection: Specifies information about Access control (Permissions about Who can read, edit,
write, and execute the file.) It provides security to sensitive and private information.
7.Time, date, and user identification: This information tells us about the date and time on which
the file was created, last modified, created and modified by which user, etc.
File I/O-Opening and Closing files
• In Python, we use the open() method to open files.
• open() returns a “file handle/pointer” is a variable used to perform operations on
the file.
• A file handle or pointer denotes the position from which the file contents will be
read or written.
• When file is opened, file pointer points to the beginning of the file.

Syntax: f= open(filename, mode)

• In mode, we specify whether we want to read 'r', write 'w' or append 'a' to the
file.

Example:
f = open("demofile.txt", "r")
File I/O-Opening and Closing files
Mode Description
r Open a file for reading. (default)
Open a file for writing. Creates a new file if it does not exist or truncates
w the file if it exists.
Open a file for exclusive creation. If the file already exists, the operation
x fails.
Open a file for appending at the end of the file without overwriting it.
a Creates a new file if it does not exist.
t Open in text mode. (default)
b Open in binary mode.
+ Open a file for updating (reading and writing)
File I/O-Opening and Closing files

close(): Closes an opened file.

f = open("demofile.txt", "r")
f.close()
Write Operations: write()
• The write() function writes any string to an open file.
• To write to an existing file, you must add a parameter to the open() function:
• "a" - Append - will append to the end of the file
• "w" - Write - will overwrite any existing content

Syntax : filehandle.write(string);
• Here, string parameter is the content to be written into the opened
file.
Write Operations: write()
Ex: Open the file “first.txt" and overwrite the content

f = open('first.txt' , 'w')
str = "Hello Welcome to Python class" first.txt
f.write(str) Hello Welcome to Python class
f.close()

Ex: Open the file “first.txt" and append the content

f = open('first.txt' , 'a')
str = " File Handling" first.txt
f.write(str) Hello Welcome to Python class File Handling
f.close()
Read Operations: read()
• The read() method reads a data from an open file.
• To read a file in Python, we must open the file in reading mode.
Syntax: filehandle.read([count]);
f = open( 'first.txt' , 'r’) O/P: Hello Welcome to Python class File
str1 = f.read() Handling
print(str1)
f.close()

Read only Parts of the File:

f = open( 'first.txt' , 'r')

str1 = f.read(5)
print(str1) O/P: Hello
f.close()
Read Operations: readline()
• Using the readline() method, we can read a file line by line.
• by default, this method reads the first line in the file.
• For example, If you want to read the first five lines from a text file, run a loop five
times, and use the readline() method in the loop’s body.
• Using this approach, we can read a specific number of lines.

Reading First N lines From a File Using readline():

f = open( ‘crickter.txt' , 'r')

for i in range(3): O/P:

print(f.readline()) Sachin
f.close() Dravid
Ganguly
Read Operations: readlines()
• readlines() method read entire file contents line by line into a list.

f = open( 'crickter.txt' , 'r') O/P:

print(f.readlines()) ['Sachin\n', 'Dravid\n', 'Ganguly\n', 'Laxman']
f.close()

Reading last N lines from a file

N=2
f = open( 'crickter.txt' , 'r') O/P:
print(f.readlines()[N:]) ['Ganguly\n', 'Laxman']
f.close()

Reading File in Reverse Order

f = open( 'crickter.txt' , 'r')

O/P:
lines = f.readlines()
Laxman
rev_lines=reversed(lines)
Ganguly
for i in rev_lines:
Dravid
print(i)
Sachin
File Positions: seek()
• The seek() function sets/change the position of a file pointer.
Syntax:
f.seek(offset, whence)
• How many points the pointer will move is computed from adding offset to a
reference point; the reference point is given by the whence argument

•A whence value of 0 means from the beginning of the file.

•A whence value of 1 uses the current file position
•A whence value of 2 uses the end of the file as the reference point.

f.seek(5) Move file pointer five characters ahead from the beginning of a file.
f.seek(0, 2) Move file pointer to the end of a File
f.seek(5, 1) Move file pointer five characters ahead from the current position
File Positions: seek()
f = open( 'second.txt' , 'r')
# read all characters from file
str1 = f.read()
print("Before:",str1)

f.seek(5)
str2 = f.read()
print("After Seek:",str2)

Before: Hello this is VVIT-AP

f.seek(0,2) After Seek: this is VVIT-AP
AFter End:
str3 = f.read()
print("AFter End:",str3)
f.close()
Renaming and Deleting Files
• rename() method is used to rename a file
• remove() function is used to delete a file
• These methods are a part of the os module

Ex:
import os
os.rename("one.txt","two.txt")
os.remove("three.txt")
Write a Python program to read first n lines of a file.
n=2
f = open( 'crickter.txt' , 'r')
lines=f.readlines()[:n] O/P:
for i in lines: Sachin
Dravid
print(i)
f.close()
Program to count the no of lines ,words and characters in a
file
f = open( 'crickter.txt' , 'r')
contents=f.readlines()
NW=0
NC=0
NL=0
for line in contents:
NL=NL+1
words=line.split()
NW=NW+len(words)
NC=NC+len(line)
O/P:
print("Number of Lines:",NL) Number of Lines: 4
print("Number of Words:",NW) Number of Words: 4
Number of Characters: 28
print("Number of Characters:",NC)
f.close()
Write a python program copy one file content into another file.

f1=open("crickter.txt","r")
f2=open("cri.txt","a")
line=f1.read()
f2.write(line)
Working with CSV files in Python
• CSV (Comma-Separated Values) is one of the file formats for storing and
exchanging tabular data.

Reading CSV files Using csv.reader()

• To read a CSV file in Python, we can use the csv.reader() function.

import csv
f=open('protagonist.csv', 'r’)
reader = csv.reader(f)
for row in reader: O/P:
print(row) ['SN', 'Movie', 'Protagonist']
['1', 'Lord of the Rings', 'Frodo Baggins']
['2', 'Harry Potter', 'Harry Potter']
Working with CSV files in Python

Writing CSV files Using csv.writer():

• To write to a CSV file in Python, we can use the csv.writer() function.
• The csv.writer() function returns a writer object that converts the user's data into
a delimited string.
• This string can later be used to write into CSV files using the writerow() function.

import csv
f=open('protagonist.csv', 'w’)
writer = csv.writer(f)
writer.writerow(["SN", "Movie", "Protagonist"])
writer.writerow([1, "Lord of the Rings", "Frodo
Baggins"])
writer.writerow([2, "Harry Potter", "Harry Potter"])
Working with CSV files in Python

Writing multiple rows with writerows():

import csvf=open('protagonist.csv', 'w’)

writer = csv.writer(f)
csv_rowlist = [["SN", "Movie", "Protagonist"], [1, "Lord of the
Rings", "Frodo Baggins"],[2, "Harry Potter", "Harry Potter"]]
writer.writerows(csv_rowlist)
various directory handling functions

Creating a Directory
import os
os.mkdir('mydir’)

Get Current Working Directory

Current working directory: C:\Users\chvrr
import os
cwd = os.getcwd()
print("Current working directory:", cwd)

Listing Files and Directories

import os
print(os.listdir('.'))
various directory handling functions

Change Directory
import os
os.chdir('mydir’)

Renaming a Directory
import os
os.rename('mydir','mydir2’)

Deleting a Directory
import os
os.rmdir('mydir’)