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© Boardworks Ltd 2003
Energy: Heat Transfer

Heat is the name for the type of kinetic energy

possessed by particles.

Heat energy is measured in joules [J].

How many joules are there in a kilojoule [kJ]?

If something gains a lot of heat energy, it becomes hot -

so what is temperature?

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 THIS IS IT. FAILURE IS NOT
AN OPTION.
• I need to be able define the three types of
heat transfer for my coursework.
• Explain what I am trying to investigate

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Temperature measurement

Temperature is a measure of the hotness or coldness of

something, not the total amount of energy contained.

Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius (or

centigrade) - ºC.

The freezing point of water is DEFINED as 0oC (at 1 atm.).

The boiling point of water is DEFINED as 100oC (at 1 atm.).

The temperature can be measured in a variety of different

thermometers. These include liquid in glass, digital,
thermocouple and bimetal strip thermometers.

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Energy : heat transfer

The correct phrase is ‘thermal transfer’.

Heat energy can be transferred (moved) in 4 ways:

1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Evaporation
4. Radiation

Which ever way heat moves, it always moves from

HOT to COLD.
Heat energy only flows when there is a temperature difference.

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The Particle Model

The existence of solids, liquids and gases is

explained by the following ideas:
1. All substances are made up of particles
(atoms, ions and molecules).
2. That these particles are attracted to each
other, some strongly and others weakly.
3. That these particles move around (i.e.
Have kinetic energy).
4. That their kinetic energy increases with
temperature.

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Temperature and energy

What happens to the gas as the temperature increases.

Would this be the same for solids and liquids?
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Energy : heat transfer

1. Conduction

 Take care whilst doing this experiment:

ALWAYS LET GO OF THE METAL QUICKLY

WASH ALL BURNS WITH COLD WATER FOR 10 MINS

 You need an: 8cm strip of Cu

8cm piece of Wood
Bunsen Burner
Stopwatch
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Energy : heat transfer

1. Conduction WEAR SAFETY GLASSES

 Hold the piece of Cu in the

YELLOW Bunsen Burner flame.
 How long does it take you to feel
the heat?
 Now do the same for wood.
 Why are the times very
different?
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Energy : heat transfer

1. Conduction in metals
 Metals have atoms inside them and
lots of free electrons.

 The free electrons can move

around and vibrate.
 The heat energy is passed on by
neighbouring particles vibrating along
the metal.
 There are too few free electrons in
a non-metal for this to happen.
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Energy : heat transfer

Which would feel warmer if we picked up a piece of

wood and a piece copper metal both at room
temperature (i.e. both at 250C)?

The wood feels warmer because it is a POOR

conductor. So it would not conduct heat away from your
hand as quickly as the copper.

© Boardworks Ltd 2003

Energy : heat transfer
1. Conduction in non-metals

The heat energy is passed on by neighbouring

particles vibrating along the non-metal (no free
electrons. This allows a flow of energy from hot to cold.
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Energy : heat transfer

1. Conduction
 Metals are good conductors of heat & non-metals
are poor conductors of heat [insulators].
 What about liquids?
 Use some gauze to hold an
ice cube at the bottom of a
tube of water. 100ºC
 Carefully heat the
water at the top of
the tube until boiling.
 If the liquid was good 0ºC
at conducting, the ice
would quickly melt - it
doesn’t. WEAR SAFETY GLASSES
© Boardworks Ltd 2003
Energy : heat transfer

1. Conduction
 Liquids are poor conductors of heat [insulators].
 What about gases?
 Carefully put your
finger 1cm away
from a bunsen
burner flame.
 If gases were
good conductors,
you’d burn your
finger - you don’t.
 Gases are good
insulators. WEAR SAFETY GLASSES

© Boardworks Ltd 2003

Energy : heat transfer

1. Conduction
 Copy this summary table into your book :

Material Conductor or Insulator ?

Metals very good conductors

Non-metals Insulators

Liquids Insulators

Gases Good insulators

Vacuum Excellent insulator

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Energy : heat transfer
2. Convection
 To understand how heat can be transferred by
convection, the idea of density is important.
 If water, oil and air
are mixed up, they will
settle out in order of
density - which
one will rise to the top?

 The air is least dense

and the water is the
most dense - it
depends on how far
apart the particles are.
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Energy : heat transfer
2. Convection

 The movement of hotter areas in a liquid can be seen

using potassium permanganate as a dye:

This cycle is called a

convection current.

 Can you explain

how the convection
current moves using
the idea of density?

The diagrams on the

HE AT left will help you.
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Energy : heat transfer
2. Convection

 Convection currents can’t occur in solids because the

particles are held in fixed positions - but can they
occur in gases?
 Place a candle at one side
of a litre beaker.
 Place a piece of card
down the centre, leaving a
gap of 2cm at the bottom.
 Make some smoke with
smouldering spills and watch
the path of the smoke.
 Can you explain why this
happens?
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Energy : heat transfer
2. Convection

 When shaft mining was first used to mine coal,

convection currents caused by an underground fire
were used to ventilate the shafts:

Why do you
think miners
don’t use
this method
anymore?

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Convection currents in a pan of boiling water.

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Energy : heat transfer
3. Evaporation
 Evaporation is when the particles in a liquid escape to
form a vapour.
 Evaporation can occur at any temperature but it
occurs most rapidly at a liquid’s boiling point.
 The particles that escape take some energy from the
remaining particles and so the temperature of the
liquid falls.
 Take 4 equal masses of cotton wool and soak them in
the 4 different liquids provided.
 Wrap the cotton wool around the bottom of a
thermometer and secure it with an rubber band.
 Take the temperature every 0.5 minutes and record
your results in the table on the next slide
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Energy : heat transfer
3. Evaporation

Temperature after x mins Temp.

Liquid Change
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 [C]

Ethanol

Water

Propanol

Octanol

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Energy : heat transfer
3. Evaporation

 Either :
1. Draw a bar chart of your results.
Put temperature change on the y axis
Put ‘liquid’ on the x axis
OR
2. Plot a line graph of your results.
Put temperature on the y axis
Put time on the x axis
Plot 4 lines, one for each liquid
Are any of the results anomalous?
© Boardworks Ltd 2003
Energy : heat transfer
4. Radiation
 Heat can move by travelling as Infra Red waves
These are electromagnetic waves, like light
waves, but with a longer wavelength.

 This means that infra red waves act very much like
light waves:
 They can travel through a vacuum
 They travel at 300,000,000 m/s
 They can be reflected
 They can’t travel through opaque materials.
© Boardworks Ltd 2003
Energy : heat transfer
4. Radiation

 Paint 4 thermometer bulbs with the following colours

Black White Silver Red

 Place the thermometers into very hot water

for 1 minute.
 Take it out of the water, start the stopwatch
and read the temperature.
 Take the temperature every 30 seconds and
put the answers in the results table on the
next page.
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Energy : heat transfer
4. Radiation

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Temp

Colour
min min min min min min min min min Change

Black
Black

White

Silver

Red

 Which colour radiated most heat?

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Energy : heat transfer
4. Radiation

 Either :
a) Draw a bar chart of your results.
Put temperature change on the y axis and
colour on the x axis.

OR
b) Draw a line graph of your results.
Put temperature on the y axis and
time on the x axis.
Draw 4 lines on the graph, one for each colour.
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Energy : heat transfer
4. Radiation

1. How does a cup of tea lose

heat by conduction,
convection, evaporation and
radiation?

2. Why does take-away food often

come in aluminium containers?

3. Why do elephants have big

ears?

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Energy : heat transfer
4. Radiation

5. A cup of tea takes up to 30 minutes to go cold.

This depends on the colour and shape of the cup.

 Design an investigation to find out the best shape

and colour of a cup to keep tea warm for longer.
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Energy losses

Name the three

processes which
cause energy to be
lost from the home.

Which spots on the

house diagram
lose energy?

What can we do to
prevent this energy
loss?

© Boardworks Ltd 2003

Changes of state

• At cold enough temperatures even things that

are normally gases become solid.

• At higher temperatures solids change to become

liquids or gases – as long as they don’t catch fire or
decompose first.

Water can be solid, liquid or gas

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Changes of state

Each change of state is given a different name.

Gas

Boiling
Condensing

Melting
Solid Liquid

Freezing

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© Boardworks Ltd 2003
Changes of state – heating curves

• If a solid is heated its temperature rises until it

reaches its melting point.
• At the melting point the temperature stops rising whilst
the solid melts. This is because heat energy is going
into separating the particles rather than raising the
temperature.
• Once all the solid has melted the temperature starts to
rise again until it reaches the boiling point.
• At the boiling point the temperature again stays the
same as energy goes into further separating the
particles.

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Changes of State
Boiling 
Condensing 
as
Temperature

G
Melting Liquid  Gas
Freezing
u id
L iq
Solid  Liquid

li d
So

Time
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© Boardworks Ltd 2003