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Crystal Structure (2)

The document provides an overview of crystal structures, categorizing solids into crystalline and non-crystalline types, and detailing the characteristics of crystalline solids. It explains key concepts such as lattices, unit cells, Bravais lattices, symmetry elements, Miller indices, and packing density. The information is essential for understanding the arrangement of atoms in solids and their physical properties.

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Aditi Jain
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10 views39 pages

Crystal Structure (2)

The document provides an overview of crystal structures, categorizing solids into crystalline and non-crystalline types, and detailing the characteristics of crystalline solids. It explains key concepts such as lattices, unit cells, Bravais lattices, symmetry elements, Miller indices, and packing density. The information is essential for understanding the arrangement of atoms in solids and their physical properties.

Uploaded by

Aditi Jain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Crystal Structure

Engineering Physics

By: Aditi Jain


Introduction
• We know that each substance is made up of
atoms. The substance are mainly divided in
three categories namely:
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• The solids are again divided into two categories
as Crystalline and Non Crystalline solids.
Types of Solid
1) Crystalline Solids - The solids in which there is
a definite periodic and regular arrangement of
atoms are called crystalline solids.

2) NonCrystalline(Amorphous) Solids – The solids


in which there is no definite periodic and
regular arrangement of atoms .
Crystalline solid Non Crystalline solid( or amorphous )

1. These are the solids in which all the These are the solids in which there is no
atoms are arranged in a regular definite arrangement.
arrangement.

2. They have a definite melting point. They have no definite melting point.
3. They are anisotropic. They are isotropic.
4. Examples-Diamond, copper sulphate etc. Examples- Plastic, Rubber etc.
Crystal

• Crystal is a substance in which the atoms or


molecules are arranged in a definite ,
repeating pattern in 3 dimension.

• The periodic array of atoms ,ions or molecules


that form the solid is called Crystal Structure.
For better understanding of crystal structure we must
know the following terms of crystals like…..

• Lattice
• Basis
• Unit cell
• Lattice parameters and lattice constant
• Seven System of Crystals
Lattice or Space Lattice
• A lattice is a set of regular and periodic
geometrical points in space.

OR
• An infinite array of points in three dimension
in which every point has an identical
environment to all others is called space
lattice.
Basis
• An atom or a group of atoms associated with
each lattice point is called as Basis or Motif.

or
• A basis is a collection of atoms or molecules at
a lattice point.
Crystal Structure= Lattice + Basis
Unit Cell
• Unit cell is the smallest geometrical shape by
the repetition of which complete crystal
structure can be represented.

• So, the smallest volume from which the entire


crystal is build up by translational repetition in
three dimension is called as Unit Cell.
The unit cell of a 3-dimensinal
lattice,with sides represented, by
the primitive vectors a , b, c. The
angle between vector b and c is
alpha, between vector c and a is
beta , and between vector a and b
is gamma.
Seven System of Crystals
• The shape of a crystal depends on the size and
shape of the unit cell in its three dimensional
lattice. On the basis of different values of sides
a, b and c of the unit cell and the angles alpha,
beta and gamma between its edges, the
crystals are classified in the following seven
system:
Bravais lattice
• The points which are taken as origins to find
the position of constituent atoms in crystal
structure are called Centres.
• There are 14 different methods possible to
arrange the lattice points in such a manner
that the environment about each point
remains same. Such an arrangement of points
is called Bravais Lattice. On this basis ,following
four types of lattice are possible.
Types of lattice ,Bravais Lattice
1. Simple or Primitive lattice
2. Base centered lattice
3. Body centered lattice
4. Face centered lattice
• Simple or Primitive lattice- The lattice in which
centres are only at the corners of unit cell is
called Simple lattice.
• Base centered lattice- The lattice in which in addition
to the centres at the corners of unit cell, there is one
at its base.
• Body centered lattice- The lattice in which in addition
to the centres at the corners of unit cell,there is one
centre at the centre of the unit cell also.
• Face centered lattice – The lattice in which in
addition to the centres at the corners of unit cell,
there is one centre at the centre of each of the face
of the unit cell.
SYMMETRY ELEMENTS
• Every crystal shows various types of symmetry.
• All crystals of the same substance possess the
same elements of symmetry.
• An imaginary plane/point/axis about which
crystals shows similarities is known as
Symmetry Elements.
There are three possible types of symmetry:

1. Plane of symmetry
2. Axis of symmetry
3. Centre of symmetry
Plane of symmetry
• It is an imaginary plane which divides the
crystal into two equal parts such that the one
is mirror image of other.
Axis of symmetry
• Axis of symmetry is line about which the crystal may
be rotated such that it presents or gives the same
appearance more than once during the complete
rotation of 360*.
• If a crystal presents the same appearance ‘n’ times
in one complete rotation , the axis is said to be ‘n’
fold symmetry.
• 2 fold symmetry
• 3 fold symmetry
• 4 fold symmetry
Centre of symmetry
• It is defined as an imaginary point within the
crystal such that any line passing through this
point intersects the opposite face of the
crystal at equal distances.
• In other words ,any line drawn through this
point will intersect surface at equal distance in
both the directions.
Miller Indices
• The set of three integers used to describe the
orientation of a crystal planes are called Miller
Indices.
• Miller indices are represented by (h k l).
• Miller indices help to specify the atomic
planes and orientation in a crystal.
Q1. Find the miller indices of the plane if
intercepts given are 1/2a , 1b , 1c.

Q2. Find miller indices of the plane if


intercepts given are 2a , 3b , 6c.
Packing Density
• The ratio of total volume of atoms (or molecules)
in a unit cell of a crystal to the volume of unit cell,
is called its packing density.
• i.e. P.D= total volume of atoms in a unit cell
volume of one unit cell
• It is defined as the percentage of space occupied
by the constituent particles packed inside the
lattice.

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