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Lesson 4 Second Order de

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9 views17 pages

Lesson 4 Second Order de

Uploaded by

Kins Pews
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION TO 2ND

LESSON
4:
ORDER DIFFERENTIAL
 4.1. EQUATIONS
INTRODUCTION
A differential equation that can be written as :
is called linear 2nd order equation
where; a, b, c and g are all function of x only (could be constants).
Examples:
LINEAR NON-LINEAR

If the right-hand side function g = 0


is called a homogeneous equation
Examples:
HOMOGENEOUS NON-HOMOGENEOUS
 4.1.
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL SOLUTION
Homogeneous (Linear combination, )
Complementary function
{, } Fundamental Solution Set
Should be linearly independent
( and not constant multiples)

GENERAL SOLUTION
Non-Homogeneous

Particular function
Should be linearly independent
( and not constant multiples)
 4.2. REDUCTION OF
ORDER
As the name suggests, this method allows us to reduce the order of an equation
from 2nd order to 1st order differential equation. The method requires us to already know
one known solution: =

OUTLINE:
1. Knowing some , is a solution for the DE, make the substitution into the DE.
2. Simplify so that u is no longer in the equation (u’ and u” terms should remain)
3. Let v = u’ (this reduces the DE to a separable or linear equation)
4. Solve for v, then integrate to get the u we seek.

Examples:
1.
2.
3.
 4.3. LINEAR EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT
COEFFICIENTS
A differential equation that can be written as :
is called Auxiliary Equation
where; a, b, c are all constants and that is linear and g = 0 ,homogeneous. This can be
express to: am2 + bm + c = 0.
CASE I: Two distinct Real Roots, m1 and m2
if (b2 – 4ac > 0)
General Solution:
CASE II: Real Double (Repeated) Roots, m1 = m2
if (b2 – 4ac = 0)
General Solution:
CASE II: Complex Roots, m = (conjugate roots)
if (b2 – 4ac < 0)
General Solution:
 4.3. LINEAR EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT
COEFFICIENTS
Examples: Determine the general solution of following 2nd Order DE.
 4.4. UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS: NON-
HOMOGENEOUS SECOND ORDER
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
A differential equation that can be written as :
is called linear 2nd order Non Homogeneous differential equation.

GENERAL SOLUTION
Non-Homogeneous

Particular function
Should be linearly independent
( and not constant multiples)
 4.4. UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS: NON-
HOMOGENEOUS SECOND ORDER
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Form of g(x) Form of
Constant
Linear Polynomial
Quadratic Polynomial sin x or cos x
 4.4. UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS: NON-
HOMOGENEOUS SECOND ORDER
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Example: Find the General solution of the following:
Form of g(x) Form of
 4.4. UNDETERMINED
COEFFICIENTS: LINEAR
INDEPENDENCE and WRONSKIAN
Example:
1.
2.
3.
 4.4. UNDETERMINED
COEFFICIENTS: LINEAR
INDEPENDENCE and WRONSKIAN
Example: Find the Wronskian for the following functions and state whether the
functions are linearly independent on :
1. ,
2. ,
3. ,
4. ,
 4.5. VARIATION OF PARAMETERS:
INTRODUCTION
A differential equation that can be written as :
is called linear 2nd order Non Homogeneous differential equation.
For Variation of parameters, we use Wronskians to find the particular function .
Solution:

SUMMARY OF THE METHOD:


1. Given , solve the associated homogeneous form
which gives us
2. will be the form
3. Find and and with
 4.5. VARIATION OF PARAMETERS:
INTRODUCTION
Example: Find the following General solution of differential equation using
Variation of Parameters:
1.
2.
3.
4.

SUMMARY OF THE METHOD: where a


1. Given , solve the associated homogeneous form
which gives us
2. will be the form
3. Find and , and with
 4.5. VARIATION OF PARAMETERS:
INTRODUCTION
Example: Find the following General solution of differential equation using
Variation of Parameters:
1. 2
2.
 4.6. A Second Order Euler-Cauchy
Method: Homogeneous Equation

A differential equation that can be written as :


is called linear 2nd order equation
Homogeneous
Auxiliary Equation:
CASE I: Two distinct Real Roots, m1 and m2
General Solution:
CASE II: Real Double (Repeated) Roots, m1 = m2
General Solution:
CASE II: Complex Roots, m = (conjugate roots)
General Solution:
 4.6. A Second Order Euler-Cauchy
Method: Homogenous DE
Example: Find the following General solution of differential homogeneous equation
using Euler-Cauchy Equation method:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
 4.7. A Second Order Euler-Cauchy
Method: NonHomogenous DE
A differential equation that can be written as :
is called linear 2nd order equation
1. Solve associated homogeneous equation ;
2. Divide equation by Find term y’’ by using Variation of parameters.
3. will be the form
 4.7. A Second Order Euler-Cauchy
Method: NonHomogenous DE

Example: Find the following General solution of differential nonhomogeneous


equation using Euler-Cauchy Equation method:

1.
2.

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