R 3

P TE
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CH I
MA
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F FL
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I C W
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1
Objectives
Objectives of this chapter is to:
 enable students determine the specific work of fluid
machine
 let students Identify and calculate different kinds of
specific energies of fluid machines depending on suction
and discharge parameters
 Equip students with the basics of performance
characteristics of fluid machines
2
 
Energy Transfer
Energy loss Energy loss outside
in the drive the fluid machine Total energy
(bearings, couplings) loss of the
fluid machine
Energy loss inside the fluid
machine (increases in non
Total Energy utilizable-energy content of
from the the flow medium)
Energy delivered
source
to the fluid
machine Useful energy rise of the
flow medium (Increase in
mechanical energy)

Energy transfer from a fluid machine to a flow

medium

The source of energy may be:- The energy from these sources is
electricity, compressed air, converted to mechanical energy
steam, or fuel. using motors, gas or steam
3 turbines or diesel engines (drive,
• The total energy loss of the fluid machine is the sum of
the losses outside and inside the fluid machine.
• The drive should be able to deliver the sum of the total
loss and the increases in the useful energy content of
the flow medium.

• increase in useful energy of a flow medium is the sum

of the differences in pressure energy, velocity energy
and geodetic energy(potential) between the suction and
4 discharge end of the machine
• The pressure energy difference is the difference
of the static pressure of the flow medium
between the suction and discharge end.
• The difference in velocity energy is the energy
difference between the suction and discharge
end of the machine due to difference in the
mean velocity of the flow medium at the two
ends.
• The energy difference caused by difference in
elevation of the two ends of the machine is
5
called geodetic energy.
 Thus regarding the energy transfer from a fluid machine to a
flow medium one can identify:

1. An increase of the useful energy content of the flow

medium.
2. An increase in non utilizable energy content of the

flow medium (Energy loss inside the fluid machine).

3. Energy loss outside the fluid machine.

4. Energy loss in the drive.

6
DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC WORK OF FLUID MACHINES

 Specific work done, Y.

The unit of the specific work is J/kg or m2/s2.

W
Y
 Head, H. m

The unit of head is meter [m].

Y
H
g

7
Total pressure, Pt.

Pt Y

• The three quantities:- total pressure, specific work and

the total head of a fluid machine are related by the
equations:-
Pt  Y  gH

• Note that all the three terms represent the useful energy
transferred from the fluid machine to the flow medium in different
ways.
8
 The Bernoulli Equation
c  cS
2 2
D dp
Y  S
 D ge
 2

Y= Specific work of fluid machine

Pressure Energy ??
P= Static pressure of the flow medium
c= mean velocity of the flow medium
y

ergy
z= height from datum level n erg
E
c ity
 = Density of the flow medium lo

tic En
Ve
g= Gravitational acceleration

Geode
Discharge end

Suction end
Discharge end
e
e
Suction
end

9
 Determination of The Pressure Specific Work, Ypr

Case1: Pumps and Fans

 Pumps handle liquids, incompressible
 Hence density variation in pumping of liquids can be considered

negligible.
 The pressure difference between the two ends of fans is very small

(<15%) .
o Hence variation in density can be neglected and an average density

can be used without much loss in accuracy.

P D  PS
Y Pr 
10

Case 2: Blowers and Compressors
 In case of blowers and compressors the density of the flow

medium changes significantly between the suction and discharge

ends therefore we cannot use the equation derived for pumps and
fans.  vdP
D
Y Pr S

1
v 
 is the specific volume of the flow medium
[v]=m3/kg

• The equation relating v and P is obtained from

thermodynamics.
P vn Constant (polytrophic equation)
11
 P D

dP n=1 [Isothermal Compression]

P n = k=Cp/Cv [Adiabatic Compression]

n>k

P S

Polytrophic curves of compressible flow medium

• In isothermal compression the temperature of the flow medium is

kept constant.

• In Adiabatic compression there is no heat transfer between the

12 flow medium and the surrounding

 YPr for Isothermal Compression /Yiso

 For isothermal compression n=1. Hence,

PD, vD Pv constant P S  S
vs
dP n=1 [Isothermal]
v  Ps
P P
Yiso

PS, vs
v
Isothermal compression specific work

RT S  PD 
Y iso  ln 
 

M  PS 
13
 Ypr for Adiabatic Isentropic Compression (Yad)
 For adiabatic, isentropic compression it is already noted that
n=k=cp/cv.

P v K Constant  P s v SK

 P sv K

1
1/ k R CP
C P  CV R  , and k
k
v  S
  PS 1/ v S

 P  P
k
M CV

 K1
 CP R  k R
RTs  k    P D  K C P    C P  
Yad       1 k M  k  1 M

M  k  1  P S  
 
K1
 
 PD  K
Y ad C P T s     1
  PS  
 
14
 Values of the specific heat ratio k

Gas k

Mono-atomic gases [Helium, Argon, 1.66

…]
Diatomic gases [N2, O2, H2, air] 1.44

Methane 1.32

SO2 1.29

Ethane 1.20

15
 Adiabatic Discharge Temperature
 In designing compression processes it frequently becomes
important to estimate the discharge temperature of the flow
medium. P v K Constant

1/ k
v D  P S 
P D vD Ps vS 
K K
 
vS  P D 

Ps vs  P D vD  vD  PS T D
Ts TD vS PD T S
k1
 PD  k
T ad TD T S   For Ideally Adiabatic
 PS 
Actual adiabatic processes will have greater discharge
temperature due to the heat added because of losses inside the
16
machine.
 Determination of The Adiabatic Specific Work Using
Thermodynamic Diagrams

The adiabatic isentropic specific work and the

adiabatic discharge temperature can also be
determined using the thermodynamic
diagrams :-
 temperature-entropy diagram (T-S) and
 enthalpy –entropy (h-S) diagram

For adiabatic compression, the total specific

work can be written as:- c 2D cs 
2
Y Yad  
 
  ge
 2 

17
  From thermodynamics, the energy balance for steady state,

steady flow system is given by:-

 c2
D  cs 
2
h  
 
  ge Q  Ws
 2 

 Where h is enthalpy of the flow medium, Ws is the shaft work

(the useful energy Y, in this case).

For adiabatic compression Q=0,
 c2
D 
2
cs 
h  
   ge Y

 2 

Yad h Yad hD  h S

18
 Finding Yad and TD, ad using a T-S diagram

Constant Pressure Lines

P D Actual Compression
TD
Adiabatic Isentropic Compression
TD,ad
hD
h (Constant enthalpy )lines
T

TS hS

PS

Loss free adiabatic compression in T-S diagram

S
19
 Finding Yad using an h-S diagram

Constant pressure lines

PD
hD
Constant temperature lines

h[kJ/kg]

Mollier’s
hS Ts, Ps
diagram

S[kJ/kg-K]
Loss free adiabatic compression on h-S diagram

20
Capacity, Power and Performance Characteristics
Characteristic sizes of a fluid machine

• The capacity, specific energy (head or total

pressure) and brake power are the most
important characteristic sizes of a fluid
machine.
m  Q
The mass flow rate :-

Y
N m
The useful power :-

When the specific energy is given in form of

total pressure N QPt
21
 It is good to note that the useful power in compressors and blower

is calculated in two different ways.

 For isothermal compression:-

Y Yios  Yvel  Ygeo

 For adiabatic:-
Y Yad  Yvel  Ygeo

 In most cases the velocity and geodetic energies are too small as

compared to the compression energy and the two are neglected.

Hence
Y Yios Y Yad
22
The brake power is the net power that the drive should deliver
to the fluid machine.

This brake power should cover the useful power transferred to

the fluid and the internal and external power losses of the fluid
machine.

The brake power =the useful power + the

total power loss (internal and external
N
power losses)  
Nb

Hence the overall efficiency =the

QY useful
 QgH
  
power (output) /the brake power
N b (input).
Nb
23
Since the useful power in case of

compressors can be calculated as either

isothermal or adiabatic the efficiency is also

QYad
 ad 
defined likewise. Nb

QYiso
 iso 
Nb

24
 Performance Characteristics of Fluid
Machines

 The capacity, head (or total pressure), brake power and

efficiency of a given fluid machine are interrelated.

 The relationships between these quantities at a given speed are

known as performance characteristic of the fluid machine.

 It is an important document for the proper operation,

maintenance and evaluation of the fluid machine.

25
• The performance characteristic of a given fluid
machine may be reported in form a set of curves
or a table.

• When it is given in form of curves the curves are

known as performance characteristic curves or
simply characteristic curves of the fluid machine .
for p
u
Efficiency=f(Q) H=f ( mps
30 0.8 15 Q), N
b =f(Q
H=f(Q) for fa
n ) and
Pt =f( s and c
0.6 Q) omp =f(Q
20 Eff. 10 re s s )
ors
H [m] N [kW]
0.4
10 N=f(Q)
5
0.2

es are
Performance characteristic curve of  -Q curv
an d
centrifugal pump.
, Nb - Q ve
H- Q c u r
The - p ow er y.
a s : r v e , i ve l
n ow n i t y c u s p ect
26 k
ca p a c r ve re
ad- cu
 The Operating Point

• The actual operating point of a given fluid

machine depends on the system energy
requirement and the pump characteristics.
• The system energy requirement is the sum of the static and

dynamic energy requirements of the system described as a

function of flow rate.

27
• The system characteristic in pumping is commonly given as head

capacity curve.
• For systems using fans, blowers and compressors it is given as

pressure-capacity curve

H[m]
Pt[kPa]

Q[m3/hr]
Q[m3/hr]
Typical system characteristics

28
 The operating point can then be found by drawing the system H-Q curve

and the pump H-Q curve on the same scale as shown in Fig below.

 the efficiency and brake power can the be determined from the -Q, and

Nb-Q relations of the pump.

Pump characteristics
H[m]

Operating point
System characteristics

Q[m3/hr]

The operating point

29
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31