OPTICAL RECORDIND AND
REPRODUCTION
The compact disc(CD) is single sided,
(120mm) in diameter, and it can contain up to
60 min of hi-fi stereo sound.
The CD spins at a high rate of speed
compared with a conventional audio record,
and uses a light beam/optical pick-up
It is also possible to program CD players to
play only selected portions of the audio
materials.
DISC
In Laser vision ,which records video information,
the signal is recorded on the disc in the form of
spiral track that consists of a succession of spits.
The interval b/w the pits are known as lands. The
information is present in the track in analog
form.
Each transition from land to pit and vice versa
marks a zero crossing of the modulated video
signal.
On the CD,the signal is recorded in a similar
manner, but the information is present in the
track in digital form.
Each pit and each land represents a series of
bits called channel bits.
The density of the information on CD is very
high, the smallest unit of audio information
covers an area of 1 µm2 on the disc.
The diameter of the scanning light spot is only
1µm.
The pitch of the track is 1.6µm,the width
0.6µm.
The minimum length of a pit or the land between
two pits is 0.9µm,the maximum length is 3.3 µm.
The transparent carrier material Tin which the
pits P are impressed, the upper side during
playback if the spindle is vertical, is covered with
a reflecting layer R and a protective layer Pr.
The track is optically scanned from below the
disc at a constant velocity of 1.25m/s.
The speed of rotation of the disc therefore varies
from about 8 rev/s to 3.5 rev/s(480 rpm-210
rpm)
PROCESSING OF THE AUDIO SIGNAL
Converting the analog signal from the
microphone into a digital signal,PCM is used.
In this system the signal is periodically sampled
and each sample is translated into binary
number.
Nyquist’s sampling theorem is used
Pulse-code modulation (PCM)
It is a method used to digitally represent sampled analog signals.
It is the standard form of digital audio in computers, compact discs
, digital telephony and other digital audio applications.
In a PCM stream, the amplitude of the analog signal is sampled
regularly at uniform intervals, and each sample is quantized to the
nearest value within a range of digital steps.
Sampling and quantization of a signal (red) for 4-bit
LPCM
nipal
In CD system is sampled at rate of 44.1
KHz which is sufficient for the
reproduction of the maximum
frequency of 20KHz
The signal is quantized be the method
of uniform or linear quantization.
The sampled amplitude is divided into
equal parts. The number of bits per
sample is 32.
The signal to noise ratio of more than
90 dB. The audio bits are grouped into
frames and each containing six of
READ OUT FROM DISC
The disc is optically scanned in the player.
This is done by AlGaAs semiconductor
laser.
The light from the laser La(800nm) is
focused through the lenses L2 and L1 onto
the reflecting layer of the disc.the diameter
of the light spot S is about 1 micro meter.
When the light falls on an interval between
two pits, the light is almost totally reflected
and reaches the four photodiodes D1 to D4
via the half silvered mirror M.
When the spot lands on a pit, the depth of a
pit is about ¼ of the wavelength in the
transparent substrate material.
Interference causes less light to be reflected
and an appreciably smaller amount reaches
the photodiodes.
When the output signals from the four
photodiodes are added together the result is
a fairly rough approximation to the
rectangular pulse pattern present on the
disc in the form of pits and intervals.
The optical pick up is very small (45x12 mm)
and is mounted in a pivoting arm that enables
the pick up to describe a radial arc across the
disc.
So that it can scan the complete spiral track.
Around the pivotal point of arm is mounted a
linear motor that consists of a combination of
a coil and a permanent magnet.
When the coil is energized the pick up can be
directed to any required part of the track, the
location information being provided by the
C&D bits added to each frame on the disc.
RECONSTITUTION OF THE AUDIO SIGNAL
The signal read out from the disc by the
optical pick up has to be reconstituted to form
the analog audio signal.
The demodulation follows the same rule as
Eight to fourteen(EFM) modulation.
The information is then temporarily stored in a
buffer memory and then reaches the Error-
Detection and Correction Circuit(ERCO).
The parity bits can be used here to correct
errors.
These errors may be originated from a defect
in the manufacturing process, damage during
use, or finger marks or dust on the disc.
LONG PLAY (LP) AND PITS OF A
COMPACT DISC
Operating control of typical Cd player
THANK YOU
Dr Pramod Kumar, Dept of ECE, MIT, Mani
pal
