M S L/ ME 402

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

Dr.OMAR FATHY
SUB TOPIC
•Introduction
•Principles of air-conditioning
•Type of of air-conditioning
•Cooling cycle / refrigeration cycle
• The Coolant
• INTRODUCTION
• Definition - Air conditioning is the process of altering the
property of air (primarily temperature and humidity) to
more favorable conditions.
• The control of these conditions may be desirable to
maintain the health and comfort of the occupants, or to
meet the requirements of industrial processes irrespective
of the external climatic conditions
• TYPE OF AIR-CONDITIONING
1.Window air-conditioning system

2.Split air-conditioning system

3.Centralized air-conditioning system

4.Package air-conditioning system

• 1) Windows Air-conditioning System

• Window air conditioners are one of the most commonly used and cheapest
type of air conditioners.
• To install one of these units, you need the space to make a slot in the wall,
and there should also be some open space behind the wall.
• Window air-conditioner units are reliable and simple-to-install solution to
keep a room cool while avoiding the costly construction of a central air
system.
• Better yet, when the summer heat dies down, these units can be easily
removed for storage, and you can use the window sill for other purpose
• 2) Split Air-Conditioning System
• The split air conditioner comprises of two parts: the outdoor unit
and the indoor unit.
• The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses components like
the compressor, condenser and expansion valve.
• The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or cooling coil and the
cooling fan. For this unit you don't have to make any slot in the wall
of the room.
• Further, the present day split units have aesthetic looks and add to
the beauty of the room. The split air conditioner can be used to cool
one or two rooms
• 3) Centralized Air-Conditioning System
• The central air conditioning plants or the systems are used
when large buildings, hotels, theaters, airports, shopping malls
etc. are to be air conditioned completely.
• The window and split air conditioners are used for single
rooms or small office spaces.
• If the whole building is to be cooled it is not economically
viable to put window or split air conditioner in each and every
room.
• Further, these small units cannot satisfactorily cool the large
halls, auditoriums, receptions areas etc.
• 4) Packaged Air-Conditioning System
• The window and split air conditioners are usually used for
the small air conditioning capacities up to 5 tons.
• The central air conditioning systems are used for where the
cooling loads extend beyond 20 tons.
• The packaged air conditioners are used for the cooling
capacities in between these two extremes.
• The packaged air conditioners are available in the fixed
rated capacities of 3,5, 7, 10 and 15 tons.
• These units are used commonly in places like restaurants,
telephone exchanges, homes, small halls, etc.
•New Invented Technology for Air-
Conditioning System

•DISTRICT COOLINGSYSTEM
•CHILLED BEAM SYSTEM
 • District Cooling System

• District Cooling Systems (DCS) is a system

which distribute chilled water or other media,
usually provided from a dedicated cooling
plant, to multiple buildings for air conditioning
or other uses.
 District Cooling System

•The Objectives : To centralized

production of chilled water by using
district cooling plant. The generated
chilled water will then be channeled to
various building blocks thru pre-
insulated seamless underground pipes.
District Cooling System
1. Improve energy efficiency
The Advantages

2. Protect environment
3. Save spaces
4. Improve urban view
5. Reduce manpower for
operation and maintenance
 District Cooling System
• How The System Work ?
• DC means the centralized production and distribution of cooling
energy. Chilled water is delivered via an underground insulated pipeline
to office, industrial and residential buildings to cool the indoor air of the
buildings within a district. Specially designed units in each building
then use this water to lower the temperature of air passing through the
buildings ACS.
• The output of one cooling plant is enough to meet the cooling-energy
demand of dozens of buildings. DC can be run on electricity or natural
gas, and can use either regular water or seawater. Along with electricity
and water, DC constitute a new form of energy service.
 District Cooling System
• Why It Is Environmental Friendly ? District cooling
helps the environment by increasing energy efficiency
and reducing environmental emissions including air
pollution, the greenhouse gas (GHG) carbon
dioxide(CO2) and
• ozone-destroying refrigerants. District cooling can
reduce annual CO emissions by about 1 ton for every ton
of district cooling refrigeration demand served
 DCS Network Diagram
• District Heating Cooling
• System Schematic
• Diagram
DCS Network Diagram
DCS- APPLICATION
•DCS - COMPONENTS
•Central Chiller Plant - generate chilled water
for cooling purposes
•Distribution Network - distribute chilled water
to building
•User Station - interface own building air-
conditioning circuit
• CHILLED BEAM SYSTEM
• It is a type of convection HVAC system designed to heat or
cooled high rise building such as commercial building.
• It's primarily gives off its cooling effect through convection
by using water to remove heat from a room.
• Pipes of water passed through the beam suspended short
distance from the ceiling of a room.
• As the beam chills the air around it, the air becomes denser
and falls to the floor.
• It is replaced by warmer air moving up from below, causing a
constant floe of convection and cooling the room.
•ADVANTAGES
•Simple to design and control
•Smaller ductwork
•Less mechanical space
•Less maintenance
•Increase comfort
• DISADVANTAGE
• Not well known in our industry
• Higher construction cost
• Many engineers aren't familiar with this
technology
• Dew point concerns, building must have a
good control of humidity to prevent
condensation on chilled beam surface.
• DEFINITION- a cycle that shows how the refrigerant vapor is inhaled
and discharged by the compressor to the condenser.
 THE COOLANT
• Heat is removed from the cooling by coolant.
• Functions as a heat absorber from the evaporator
• Good coolant must have features ;
1.Non toxic
2.Not explosive
3.Non-corrosive component
• 4-Not explosive
• 5-Soluble in oil to lubricate effectively
• 6-Harmless when responding to oil even in the
presence of moisture
• 7-Have a high resistance to electricity
 COOLING LOAD AND COIL LOAD
CALCULATIONS
.External Cooling Loads •
• 15. Infiltration of outdoor air into the conditioned space
• Internal Cooling Loads. . Heat gain entering from the exterior walls and roofs
• 2. Solar heat gain transmitted through the fenestrations
• 3. Conductive heat gain coming through the fenes.
• 4. Heat gain entering from the partition walls and interior doors

• 1. People
• 2. Electric lights
• 3. Equipment and appliances
 Cooling Load
• Contents
• •Principle of cooling load
• •Why cooling load & heat gains are different
• •Design conditions
• •Understand CLTD/CLF method
• •An example
• Cooling Load
• •It is the thermal energy that must be removed from
the space in order to maintain the desired comfort
conditions
• •HVAC systems are used to maintain thermal
conditions in comfort range
Purpose of Load Estimate

•Load profile over a day

•Peak load (basis for equipment sizing)
•Operation Energy analysis
•HVAC Construction cost
Principles of cooling Load Estimate •
• Enclosure heat transfer characteristics
• –Conduction
• –Convection
• –radiation
•Design conditions
• –Outdoor & indoor
•Heat Gains
• Internal
• External or Solar
•Thermal capacity
Space Characteristics
-Orientation
-Size and shape
- Construction material
-Windows, doors, openings
-Surrounding conditions
- Ceiling
• Space Characteristics

•Occupants (activity, number, duration)

•Appliances (power, usage)
•Air leakage (infiltration or exfiltration)
•Lighting (W/m2)
Indoor Design Conditions
Basic design parameters
•Air temperature
• Typically 22-26 C
• Air velocity 0.25 m/s
•Relative humidity30-70 %
• •See ASHRAE 55 –2004 Comfort Zone
• Indoor Design Conditions
•Indoor air quality
• –Air contaminants
• –Air cleaning
• - Acoustic requirements
• -Pressurization requirements
• Outdoor Design Conditions

• Weather data required for load calculation

• –Temperature & humidity
• –Wind speed, sky clearness , ground reflectance etc
• •Design outdoor conditions data can be found in ASHRAE
Fundamentals Handbook
• Outdoor Design Conditions
• •ASHRAE Fundamentals 2001
• –Design severity based on 0.4%, 1%, & 2% level
annually (8760h)
• –For example at 1% level, the value is exceeded in
0.01x8760h = 87.6 h in a year
 • Terminology
• •Space-a volume without partition or a group of rooms

• •Room-an enclosed space

• •Zone-a space having similar operating characteristics

Heat Gain
 Cooling Load
• Space Cooling load

• –The rate at which heat must be removed from a space to maintain air
temperature and humidity at the design values
• Cooling load differs from the heat gain due to
• delay effect of conversion of radiation energy to heat
• Thermal storage lag
 Heat Balance
• The principal terms of heat Gains/Losses are indicated below
 Coil Load
• Cooling coil load
• –The rate at which energy is removed at the cooling coil
• –Sum of:
• -Space cooling load (sensible + latent)
• -Supply system heat gain (fan + supply air duct)
• -Return system heat gain (return air duct)
• -Load due to outdoor ventilation rates (or ventilation load)
 • External Loads

• 1.Heat gains from Walls and roofs

–sensible
• 2.Solar gains through fenestrations
–Sensible
• 3.Outdoor air
–Sensible & latent
 • Internal Loads
• 1.People
• –Sensible & latent
• 2.Lights
–sensible
• 3.Appliances
• –Sensible & latent
Total Cooling Load
 Cooling Load Components
• Space cooling load
- Sizing of supply air flow rate, ducts, terminals and
diffusers
-It is a component of coil load
–Bypassed infiltration is a space cooling load
•Cooling coil load
–Sizing of cooling coil and refrigeration system
–Ventilation load is a coil load
 CLTD/CLF Method
• Cooling load is made up of
–Radiation and conduction heat gain
–Convection heat gain
•Convective gain is instantaneous
–No delay
–Heat gain equals cooling load
•Conductive and radiation heat gains are not instantaneous
–Thermal delay
–Heat gain is not equal to cooling load
–Use CLTD & CLF factors
 CLTD/CLF Method (ASHRAE 1989)
• Cooling load due to solar & internal heat gains
• •Glazing (sensible only)
• –Radiation & conduction
• –Convection (instantaneous)
• •Opaque surface ( wall, floor, roof) load (sensible only)
• –Conduction
• –Convection (instantaneous)
• •Internal loads (sensible & latent)
• –Radiation & conduction
• –Convection (instantaneous)
Cooling Load Temperature Difference CLTD

• Q transmission= UA (T o–Ti)
• Q transmission= UA (CLTD)
• •CLTDis theoretical temperature difference defined
for each wall/roof to give the same heat load for
exposed surfaces to account for the combined effects
of radiation, conductive storage, etc
• –It is affected by orientation, time , latitude, etc
• –Data published by ASHRAE
Cooling Load Factor (CLF)

• This factor applies to radiation heat gain

•If radiation is constant, cooling load = radiative gain
•If radiation heat is periodical, than
• Qt= Q daily max(CLF)
• CLF accounts for the delay before radiative gains
becomes a cooling load
 Infiltration Air is Cooling Load
• Load due to Ventilation air into the space
• Sensible load, (W)
• = mass flow rate x specific heat x (ΔT)
• = 1.23 x l/s x (To –T i) or (1.08 x cfmx ΔT)
• Where To = Outside temperature, C
• Ti = indoor air temperature, C
Ventilation Cooling Load

• Ventilation latent load, (W)

• = mass flow rate x latent heat of vaporization x
(humidity difference)
• = 3010 x l/s x (Δẁ) or (4840 x cfmx Δẁ)
• Where
• Δẁ= Inside-outside humidity ratio difference of air
( kg/kgda)
 Total Cooling Load
• This is also call the Grand total load
• Sum of
• Space heat gain +System heat gain

–load due to outdoor air supplied through the air handling unit
•Air bypassed the coil
•Air not bypassed the coil
 System Heat Gain

• These are sometimes external to the air conditioned

space
•HVAC equipment also contributes to heat gain
• –Fan heat gain
• –Duct heat gain
 Bypass Factor
• Bypass factor is an important coil characteristic on moisture
removal performance .
- It’s value depends on:
•Number of rows/fins per inch
•Velocity of air