Bernoills Equation
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sphesihle zethembeBernoills Equation
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sphesihle zethembeFluid Mechanics
Hydrodynamics: Bernoulli’s Equation
Department of Physics at University of Zululand
Date: 22 April 2025
Prepared for 4PHY111 by Dr MB Dubazane
Email: [email protected]
Bernoulli’s principle
Bernoulli’s principle:
Where fluid velocity is high, the
pressure is low. Where fluid velocity is
low, pressure is high.
Daniel Bernoulli, Swiss
Physicist, 1700-1782
Bernoulli’s equation
As a fluid moves through a region where its speed and/or elevation
above the Earth’s surface changes, the pressure in the fluid varies with
these changes.
Bernoulli derived relationship between fluid speed, pressure and elevation.
Bernoulli’s equation: 1 2
P v gy Constant
2
It shows that as the speed increases, the pressure decreases.
Bernoulli’s principle:
Where fluid velocity is high, the pressure is low. Where fluid
velocity is low, pressure is high.
The general behavior of pressure with speed is true even for gases.
When the fluid is at rest, Bernoulli’s equation becomes which is
consistent with the pressure variation with depth we found earlier
(verify!).
Example (flow and pressure in a
hot water heating system)
If the water is pumped at a speed of 0.5 m/s through a 4.0 cm
diameter pipe in the basement under pressure of 3.0 atm,
what will be the flow speed and pressure in a 2.6 cm diameter
pipe on a second floor 5.0 m above?
2
2 d
Given: v1 0.5 m/s, A 1 r1 1 ,
4
P1 3atm 3 10 5 Pa at h 0
2
v 2 ?, A 2 r2 , P2 ?, h 5 m
We will use continuity equation with constant density to find flow
speed on the second floor:
v1 A1 v1 r12 (0.5)(. 02) 2
A1v1 A2 v 2 v 2 1.2 m/s
A2 r22
0.013 2
Use Bernoulli’s equation to find P2:
1 2 1 2
P1 v1 gh1 P2 v2 gh2
2 2
1 1
3 10 (1000)(0.5) 0 P2 (1000)(1.2) 2 (1000)(9.8)(5) P2 2.5 105 N
5 2
2 2
Worked Example 2:
A large pipe with a cross-sectional area of descends 5.00 m and narrows to , where it
terminates in a valve at point (shown in Figure). If the pressure at point is atmospheric
pressure, and the valve is opened wide and water allowed to flow freely, find the speed of the
water leaving the pipe.
STRATEGY: The equation of continuity, together with Bernoulli’s equation, constitute 2
equations in two unknowns: the speeds and . Eliminate from Bernoulli’s equation with the
equation of continuity, and solve for
and
Given and
Implying:
You could have also written:
Do more problems and exercises on
your own!!!
