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Module 5 Communications

The document outlines a syllabus for a Basic Electronics course focusing on communications, detailing the evolution of communication systems from telegraphy to modern data communications. It explains key concepts such as modulation, noise, and the roles of transmitters and receivers in communication systems. Additionally, it highlights the importance of modulation in reducing antenna height, avoiding signal mixing, increasing communication range, enabling multiplexing, and improving reception quality.

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7 views29 pages

Module 5 Communications

The document outlines a syllabus for a Basic Electronics course focusing on communications, detailing the evolution of communication systems from telegraphy to modern data communications. It explains key concepts such as modulation, noise, and the roles of transmitters and receivers in communication systems. Additionally, it highlights the importance of modulation in reducing antenna height, avoiding signal mixing, increasing communication range, enabling multiplexing, and improving reception quality.

Uploaded by

a_b_h_i
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 29

ANJUMA

Institute of
N
Technology and
Management
Bhatkal, Karnataka, India

BASIC
ELECTRONI
CS
(BBEE103/BBEE203)

Mr. Shrishail Bhat


Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Module 5
COMMUNICATIONS
SYLLABU
Communications
S
Introduction to Communication, Communication System,
Modulation

3
Text Book

Electronic
Communication
Systems
George Kennedy
and Bernard
Davis
4th Edition
Tata McGraw-
Hill 2005

4
Introducti
on
Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 5
Introduction to
•Communication
In a broad sense, the term communications refers to the sending,
receiving and processing of information by electronic means.
• Communications started with wire telegraphy in the 1840s,
developing with telephony some decades later and radio at the
beginning of 20th century.
• Radio communication was greatly improved by the work done
during World War II.
• It subsequently became even more widely used and refined
through the invention and use of the transistor, integrated circuits
and other semiconductor devices.
Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 6
Introduction to
•Communication
The use of satellites and fiber optics has made communications
even more widespread, with an increasing emphasis on computer
and other data communications.
• A modern communications system is first concerned with the
sorting, processing and sometimes storing of information before its
transmission.
• The actual transmission then follows, with further processing and
the filtering of noise.
• Finally we have reception, which may include processing steps such
as decoding, storage and interpretation.
Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 7
Introduction to
•Communication
In this context, forms of communications include
• Radio telephony and telegraphy
• Broadcasting
• Point-to-point and mobile communications (commercial or military)
• Computer communications
• Radar
• Radiotelemetry
• Radio aids to navigation

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 8


Communication
Systems
Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 9
Communication
•Systems
A block diagram of a general communications system is
shown in the figure.

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 10


Information
• The main aim of a communication system is to convey a
message.
• This message originates from the information source.
• The source normally selects one message from a group of
messages.
• The set, or total number of messages, consists of individual
messages which may be distinguished from one another.
• These may be words, groups of words, code symbols or any
other prearranged units.
• The amount of information contained in any given message can
be measured in bits or in dits.
Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 11
Transmitter
• The transmitter processes the input message signal to make it
suitable for sending it over the channel.
• This operation is called modulation.
• It is a process that changes or modulates the characteristics of a
high frequency signal called the carrier in accordance with the
message signal.
• Modulation may be amplitude modulation, frequency
modulation, pulse modulation or any variation or combination
of these, depending on the requirements.

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 12


Transmitter
• Figure shows a high-level amplitude-modulated broadcast
transmitter.

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 13


Chann
•el
It is the physical medium or path that connects the transmitter
and receiver.
• This may be a pair of wires or free space.
• The term channel is often used to refer to the frequency range
allocated to a particular service or transmission such as a
television channel.

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 14


Nois
•e
Noise is an unwanted energy that gets added to the message
signal during transmission over the channel.
• It is random in nature and has its greatest effect when the
message signal is weakest.

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 15


Receiver
• The receiver processes the signal and makes an estimate of the
actual message that is transmitted.
• It performs a process called demodulation, which is the reverse
of modulation and extracts the information superimposed on
the carrier wave.
• The receiver, in addition to demodulation, also performs
amplification and filtering.

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 16


Receiver
• Figure shows the block diagram of a simple AM broadcast
receiver (superheterodyne receiver).

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 17


Modulati
on
Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 18
Modulation
• Modulation is a process by which some characteristic or
property of a high frequency signal called the carrier is varied
in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the
message signal.

𝑣𝑐 = 𝑉𝑐 sin 𝜔𝑐𝑡 + 𝜃𝜃
• The instantaneous value of the carrier is given by

where 𝑉𝑐 is the peak or maximum amplitude of the carrier


𝜔𝑐 is the angular frequency of the carrier
𝜃𝜃 is the phase angle of the carrier
Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 19
Modulation
• The characteristic of the carrier wave that is modified may be
amplitude, frequency or phase angle.
• Accordingly, we have three types of modulation:
• Amplitude modulation
• Frequency modulation
• Phase modulation

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 20


Amplitud
e
Modulati
on (AM)

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 21


Frequenc
y
Modulati
on (FM)

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 22


Phase
Modulati
on (PM)

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 23


Need for Modulation
1. It reduces the height of antenna
multiple of 𝜆/4 ,where 𝜆 is the wavelength.
• For the transmission of radio signals, the antenna height must be

𝜆 = 𝑐/𝑓
• The minimum antenna height required to transmit a baseband

𝜆 =𝑐 = 3 ×
signal of f = 10 kHz is calculated as
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = =
7500 𝑚 108
• The antenna of this height (7.54km) is practically impossible to
4𝑓
install.

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 4 × 10 × 103 24


Need for Modulation
• Now, let us consider a modulated signal at f = 1 MHz . The
minimum antenna height is given by,
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝜆 =𝑐 = 3 × =
10=8 75 𝑚
4
• Thus, modulation reduces the 4𝑓
• This antenna can be easily installed practically.
height of the antenna.
4 × 1 × 106

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 25


Need for Modulation
2. Avoids mixing of signals
• If the baseband sound signals are transmitted without using the

be in the same frequency range i.e. 0 𝑡𝑜 20 𝑘𝐻𝑧.


modulation by more than one transmitter, then all the signals will

• Therefore, all the signals get mixed together and a receiver can
not separate them from each other.
• Hence, if each baseband sound signal is used to modulate a
different carrier then they will occupy different slots in the
frequency domain (different channels).
• Thus, modulation avoids mixing of signals.

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 26


Need for Modulation
3. Increases the range of communication
• The frequency of baseband signal is low, and the low frequency
signals can not travel long distance when they are transmitted.
• They get heavily attenuated.
• The attenuation reduces with increase in frequency of the
transmitted signal, and they travel longer distance.
• The modulation process increases the frequency of the signal to
be transmitted.
• Therefore, it increases the range of communication.

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 27


Need for Modulation
4. Allows multiplexing of signals
• Multiplexing is a process in which two or more signals can be
transmitted over the same communication channel
simultaneously.
• This is possible only with modulation.
• Multiplexing allows the same channel to be used by many
signals.
• E.g. Many TV channels can use the same frequency range,
without getting mixed with each other or different frequency
signals can be transmitted at the same time.
Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 28
Need for Modulation
5. Improves quality of reception
• With frequency modulation (FM) and the digital
communication techniques such as Pulse Code Modulation
(PCM), the effect of noise is reduced to a great extent.
• This improves quality of reception

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal 29

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