PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM
Biology Student's Book
CHAPTER 12
RESPIRATION
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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSETM
Biology Student's Book
12.1 Why Do Living Things Respire?
In this section, you will learn the following:
• Describe aerobic respiration.
• State the word equation for aerobic respiration.
• State the balanced chemical equation for aerobic
respiration.
• State the uses of energy in living organisms.
• Describe anaerobic respiration.
• State that anaerobic respiration releases much less
energy per glucose molecule compared to aerobic
respiration.
• State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in
yeast.
• State the balanced chemical equation for anaerobic
respiration in yeast.
• State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in
muscles.
• State that an oxygen debt is caused by lactic acid
build-up in the muscles and blood during vigorous
exercise.
• Outline how oxygen debt is removed after exercise.
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Biology Student's Book
Why do living organism respire?
Living organisms need energy to move, excrete, grow and reproduce.
How do plants and
animals get the
food they need?
Respiration is the breakdown of food molecules with
the release of energy in living cells.
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Biology Student's Book
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Biology Student's Book
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Biology Student's Book
Aerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration is the chemical breakdown of food molecules in the presence of oxygen.
This process releases large amount of energy.
The overall reaction of aerobic respiration:
glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water (+ large amount of energy)
The balanced chemical equation of aerobic respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O (+ energy)
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Biology Student's Book
Anaerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration is the chemical breakdown of food molecules in the absence of oxygen.
This process releases much less energy than aerobic respiration.
In yeast
Yeast releases ethanol and carbon dioxide during anaerobic respiration, which is known as alcoholic fermentation.
The overall reaction of anaerobic respiration in yeast:
glucose ethanol + carbon dioxide (+ small amount of energy)
The balanced chemical equation:
C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 (+ energy)
In muscle cells
Lactic acid is formed during anaerobic respiration in the muscles.
The overall reaction of anaerobic respiration in human muscles:
glucose lactic acid (+ small amount of energy)
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How can oxygen debt (or lactic acid) be removed?
(a) Continuation of deeper and faster breathing (b) Continuation of fast heart rate
Athletes continue to breathe deeply and faster after a race.
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Biology Student's Book
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Biology Student's Book
Comparing aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Similarities
• Both processes release energy.
• Both processes involve the breakdown of food molecules.
• Both processes require enzymes to catalyse the breakdown of food molecules.
Differences
Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
Oxygen is required. Oxygen is not required.
A large amount of energy is released. A small amount of energy is released.
Carbon dioxide and water are produced. Human muscles: lactic acid is produced
Yeast: carbon dioxide and ethanol are
produced
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Biology Student's Book
Let’s Practise 12.1
4 A spirometer is an instrument used to measure the volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs
during breathing. When we breathe in, the volume of air in our lungs increases. When we breathe out,
the volume of air in our lungs decreases.
In this experiment, a man was at rest for one minute and then exercised for the next minute. His rate of
breathing was recorded in the figure below.
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Biology Student's Book
12.2 Studying Respiration
In this section, you will learn the following:
• Investigate and describe the effect of temperature
on respiration in yeast.
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Biology Student's Book
The Effect of temperature on Respiration
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How do we know that living organisms respire?
Let’s Investigate 12A
• It is to remove dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide from the glucose solution. Oxygen must be removed
because fermentation is an anaerobic process. Carbon dioxide must be removed so that it does not interfere
with the results.
• The layer of oil prevents oxygen in the air from entering the yeast suspension.
• Bubbles emerge from the end of the delivery tube. A white precipitate is produced in the limewater. Yeast
releases carbon dioxide during anaerobic respiration.
• Everything is the same except that boiled yeast suspension is used. The yeast suspension is boiled and then
cooled before use.
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Biology Student's Book
How do we know that living organisms respire?
Let’s Investigate 12B
• The rate of respiration increases until its optimum temperature is reached. As the temperature increases beyond
the optimum temperature, the rate of respiration decreases.
• The yeast must be allowed time to come to equilibrium with its surroundings.
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Let’s Practise 12.2
1 A universal indicator can show us how strongly acidic or alkaline a solution is. This is measured using
a pH scale from pH 0 to pH 14 as shown in the colour chart below.
Colour chart: Neutral solutions have a pH of 7. Acidic solutions
have a pH of less than 7. Alkaline solutions have a pH greater than
7.
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What have you learned?
Can you draw your own mind map?
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Biology Student's Book
What have you learned?
Can you draw your own mind map?
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Acknowledgements
• Slide 1: San José Mine © desierto_atacama | (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mina_San_Jos%C3%A9_de_Copiap%C3%B3_en_2010.jpg) | CC BY-
SA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en)
• Slide 3: parrot birds flying –ID 95628607 © Ian Dyball | Dreamstime.com
• Slide 6: athletes – ID 15461275 © Natursports | Dreamstime.com
• Slide 9: brewer yeast © pixabay.com (https://pixabay.com/images/id-4155507/)
• Slide 12: pH scale – ID 144851461 © A721721721 | Dreamstime.com
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