CSEC chemistry

P E R I O D I C TA B L E A N D P E R I O D I C I T Y
 The periodic table

 The classification of all

the elements

 It shows the symbol, full

name as well as the
mass and atomic
number of the
elements.

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 The periodic
table

It is organized
into vertical
columns and
horizontal rows in
which the columns
represent the
groups and the
rows represent
the periods.
https://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]:egb6OTD0@2/Groups-and-periods
 Historical Development of the Periodic Table

Important contribution from;

 Johann Döbereiner (triads)- noted that certain

groups of 3 elements possessed similar chemical

and physical properties.
 John Newlands (laws of Octaves)- arranged 56

elements in increasing order of relative atomic

mass (mass number) and discovered that similar
chemical and physical properties recurred every
8th element.
 Historical Development of the Periodic Table

 Dimitri Mendeleev (Periodic Classification of

elements)- arranged elements in increasing
relative atomic mass (mass number) and placed
elements with similar chemical and physical
properties together in vertical columns. He was
credited with being the creator of he first version
of the Periodic Table.
 Henry Moseley- rearranged he elements in the

periodic table based on their atomic numbers

instead of their relative atomic masses (mass
 Modern Periodic Table

Consist of 103 elements arranged in order of increasing

atomic number.

Separated into metals, metalloids and non-metals.

Divided into vertical columns called groups and horizontal

rows called periods.
 Groups

There are 18 groups on Between group II and

the periodic table. III are 10 groups of
8 are numbered using
elements called
roman numerals from I to transition elements
VII, some with special
names.
( metals).
 Group I-alkali metals Elements in the same
 Group II- alkaline earth group show similar
metals properties.
 Group VII- halogens
 Group 0- noble gases
 Groups

ps://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_for_Changing_Times_(Hill_and_McCreary)/03%3A_Atomic_Structure/3.08%3A_Electron_Configurations_and_the_Periodic_Table
 Groups
All the elements in the
same group have the same
number of electrons in
their outermost electron
shell.
The number of valence
electrons is the same as the
group number.
All the elements in group 0
have a full outermost
electron shell.
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 Groups

Moving down any group,  The metallic nature of an

each element has one element going down a group

increases, while the non-
more electron shell than
metallic nature decreases
the element directly above
it.

https://www.modelscience.com/PeriodicTable.html https://flowvella.com/s/12sy/2ADB1777-FAB5-445C-900B-07052F110EE2
 Periods

Horizontal rows of
elements numbered 1-7.
Moving across a period,
the properties of the
elements gradually
change from metals (on
the left) to non metals
(on the right).

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 Periods
 All elements in the
same period have their
valence electrons in the
same shell.
 The number of occupied
shells is the same as
the period number.
 Moving along any
period, each element
has one more valence
electron than the
element directly before
it.
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 General Trends in the Periodic Table

The ease with which atom lose or gains valence electrons,

determines how reactive they are.

The ease with which metals atoms lose electrons, that is its
reactivity, increases going down a group and going from right
to left along a period.

The ease with which non- metals atoms gain electrons and
hence its reactivity, increases going up a group and going
from left to right along a period.
 Trends in Group II

Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra

All metals
Chemically reactive
Called alkaline earth metals
Fairly soft metals
Shiny white when freshly cut but turns dull on exposure to air
Has 2 electrons in their outermost shell
Lose these 2 electrons to form metal cation with a +2 charge.
Going down a group, the radii of the atoms increase and
becomes easier for the atoms to lose their 2 valence electrons.
 Trends in Group II- Physical properties

Element Melting point Density( g cm3) Radius of atom

(oC) (mm)
Beryllium (Be) 1280 1.85 0.122
Magnesium (Mg) 650 1.74 0.160
Calcium (Ca) 838 1.55 0.197
Strontium (Sr) 768 2.6 0.215
Barium (Ba) 714 3.5 0.217
 Trends in Group II- Chemical properties

They react with oxygen

to form metal oxides
(basic oxides).
 2Mg (s) + O2 (g)
2MgO (s) (slow reaction)
 Magnesium burns with a

white flame producing a

white solid magnesium
oxide.
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 Trends in Group II- Chemical properties

They react with water to form metal hydroxides and

hydrogen gas .
 Mg (s) + 2H2O (l) Mg(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g) (slow reaction
with cold water)
They react with dilute hydrochloric acid to form salts
called metal chlorides and hydrogen gas.
 Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) (reacts
vigorously)
NB. Reaction with steam to form oxides of the metal.
 Trends in Group II- Chemical properties

The ease with which metals react

increases down the group, that is radium
is the most reactive while beryllium is the
least reactive.
The energy needed to remove an
electron from an atom or ion is called the
ionization energy.
 Explanation of the trends in Group II

 There are three things that influence the energy required to

remove an electron:

 Distance of the outer electron from the nucleus; the further the
outer electrons are from the nucleus, the smaller the attraction to
the nucleus and the lower the energy needed to remove the outer
electrons.
.

https://www.askiitians.com/iit-jee-s-and-p-block-elements/alkaline-earth-metals /
 Explanation of the trends in Group II

Nuclear charge; the

greater the number
of protons in the
nucleus the more
energy is required to
remove the outer
electrons.

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 Explanation of the trends in Group II
 Inner electrons shells reduce the
amount of nuclear charge felt by Similar discussion for Group II elements
the outer electrons. This is called
shielding or screening. The
greater the number of inner shells
of electrons, the lower the energy
needed to remove the outer
electrons.
The energy decreases down
the group because the increase
in the size of the atoms and the
increased screening outweigh
the effect of increased nuclear
charge https://www.pinterest.com/pin/93449760996481930/
 General properties of Group VII elements

F, Cl, Br, I and At

Called halogens
Poisonous elements
Exist as diatomic molecules ; made up of two
atoms; non polar.
Has 7 valence electrons
Atoms readily accepts 1 electrons to complete
the octet; forming a negatively charged ion,
called an anion.
 General properties of Group VII elements

They also share an electron with other atoms.

Soluble in nonpolar solvent
Coloured elements with the colour getting more intense
down the group:
F-yellow, Cl- yellow green, Br- red brown and I- grey
black
Fluorine and chlorine are gases at room temperature,
Bromine is Liquid and Iodine a solid.
They have low melting and boiling point; increases down the
group.
 Chemical properties of Group VII

The elements in this group reacts with metals to form ionic compounds.
Sodium metal + bromine sodium bromide
Calcium metal + chlorine calcium chloride
Aluminium metal + chlorine aluminium chloride

They react with other elements (non- metals) to form covalent compounds.
Carbon + chlorine carbon tetrachloride
Hydrogen + chlorine hydrogen chloride (gas)

The reactivity of elements in group VII decreases going down the group,
therefore fluorine is the most reactive and astatine the least reactive.
 Explanation of group VII

The reactivity of the elements increases up the group as

the number of shells gets smaller going up.
This is as a result of :
 The radii of the atoms getting smaller due to the decrease in the
number and shell and therefore the valence electrons has a
greater attractive pull of the positive nucleus. The electrostatic
force increases up the group.
 The valence electrons become less shielded from the positive

nucleus by the inner full electron shells.

 This means that the valence electrons are more attracted to the

protons going up the group therefore it becomes easier for the

atoms to gain an electron into their valence shell going up.
 Explanation of group VII

The tendency of atoms to attract electrons is

known as electronegativity.
Electronegativity is a measure of how
strongly an atom attracts electrons.
These small molecule has weak forces of
attraction between them known as
intermolecular forces.
 Displacement Reactions

A displacement reaction is a reaction in which

one type of atom or ion has replaced another in
a compound.
The element that replaces the other from its
compound is more reactive.
For example: if chlorine gas is bubbled through
a solution of potassium iodide, the chlorine will
displace the iodine from potassium iodide
forming potassium chloride and iodine
 Displacement Reactions

However if bromine is added to potassium

chloride solution, the bromine will not
displace the chlorine and no reaction occurs.
Halides solutions are all colourless and
therefore is displacement has occurred and a
different halogen is formed, it can be
identified by the colour that is produced.
(recall the colours)
 Explaining displacement reactions

Halogens gets less reactive going down the group as

a result of their differences in oxidising power.

This is also linked to the ease of ionisation of

halogens in forming halides.
The oxidising ability of the halogens decreases down
the group and therefore halogens higher in the
group has a greater oxidising power than the
halogen below it.
 Explaining displacement reactions

Going down the group it gets more difficult to

add electrons to the atom as the atom gets
larger.

A stronger oxidising agent will accept

electrons from a weaker oxidising agent. So
chlorine being a stronger oxidising agent will
accept electrons from both bromide and
iodide ions.
 Trends in Period 3 of the Periodic Table

As we move from left to right on the periodic table,

the physical and chemical properties of the elements
change.

In most cases the change is marked whereas in other

cases its gradual
Periodicity is the regular occurrence of similar
properties of the elements in the periodic table so
that elements in a given group has the similar
properties or a trend in properties.
 Trends in Period 3 of the Periodic Table

There is a change in
metallic to non-metallic
properties across a
period.

Elements in the middle

are referred to as a
metalloids as they have
some characteristics of
metals. https://www.slideserve.com/briar/the-period-3-elements
 Physical properties of Metals and Non-Metals

Metals Non- Metals

Solid at room temperature Gases at room temperature

(Hg-liquid) (Br-liquid and C and Si-
High M.P, B.P and density Solid)
Good conductors of heat Low M.P , B.P and density
and electricity Poor conductors of heat and
Shiny in appearance electricity
Malleable (bend), ductile In solid state they are dull,
(wires) brittle and makes a dull
sonorous sound.
 Trends in Period 3
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Group # I II III IV V VI VII 0
Atomic # 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Electroni 2,8,1 2,8,2 2,8,3 2,8,4 2,8,5 2,8,6 2,8,7 2,8,8
c
configura
tion
loses/ loses 1e loses 2e loses 3e shares 4e gains 3e gains 2e gains 1e None
gains/
shares
electrons
State at solid solid solid solid solid solid gas Gas
25 oC
Electrical conducto conducto conducto semi- insulator insulator insulator Insulator
conducti r r r conducto
vity r
Metal/ metal metal metal metalloid non- non- non- Non-
non- metal metal metal metal
metal
 An Explanation of the trends in Period 3

Moving across the period, each element has one

more proton than the atom before it. This results in:
The number of positive protons in the nuclei of the
atoms gets greater, causing the attraction between
the positive nucleus and the valence electrons to get
stronger.
The radii of the atoms gets smaller due to the
increasing number of positive protons in the nucleus,
pulling the outer electrons closer to the nucleus.
 An Explanation of the trends in Period 3

Therefore it becomes harder to lose electrons going

across the period and easier to gains electrons in
their valence shell. Electronegativity increases across
the period.
Ionisation among the metals decreases across the
period, making sodium the most reactive. (largest
atom)
Ionisation among the non-metals increases across the
period making chlorine most reactive (smallest atom)
 Questions

1.Compare the reactivity of beryllium and calcium.

2.List the elements in Group VII in order of increasing oxidising
strength
3. What would you observe if an aqueous solutions of chlorine is
added to potassium iodide solution? Give reason for your answer.
4. Chlorine and magnesium are both elements which are found in
Period 3 of the periodic table. One is a metal and the other a non-
metal.
 Which one is the metal? Give 3 reasons for your answer
 Which one is the non-metal? Give 3 reasons for your answer.
5. Which is more reactive (a) sodium or magnesium (b) sulfur or
chlorine