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Probability

The document provides an overview of probability concepts, including definitions of probability, experimental probability, and theoretical probability. It discusses sample spaces, events, and illustrates these concepts with examples such as rolling dice and tossing coins. Additionally, it covers independent and dependent events, conditional probability, and the use of two-way tables for data representation.

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Karin Al Qaisi
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9 views

Probability

The document provides an overview of probability concepts, including definitions of probability, experimental probability, and theoretical probability. It discusses sample spaces, events, and illustrates these concepts with examples such as rolling dice and tossing coins. Additionally, it covers independent and dependent events, conditional probability, and the use of two-way tables for data representation.

Uploaded by

Karin Al Qaisi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Probability

Probability

 In mathematics, the change of an event occuring is assigned a number


between 0 and 1. We call this number a probability.
 An impossible event has 0% chance of happening, and is assigned the
probability 0
 A certain event has 100% of happening, and is assigned the probability
1.
Experimental Probability

 In Experiments involving chance, we use the following terms to talk


about what we are doing and the results we obtain.
 The number of trials is the total number of times the experiment is
repeated.
 The outcomes are the different results possible for one trial of the
experiement
 The frequency of a particular outcome is the number of times that this
outcome is observed.
 The relative frequency of an outcome is the frequency of that outcome
expressed as a fraction or percentage of the total number of trials.
Example

 When a small plastic cone was tossed into the air 279 times, it fell on its
side 183 times and on its base 96 times.
 The number of trials is
 The outcomes are
 The frequencies are

 The relative frequencies


Two-Way Tables
 Two way tables are tables which compare two categorical variables.

Example: the teachers at a school were asked which mode of transport they used to
travel to school.

Car Bicycle Bus


Male 37 10 10
Female 30 5 13

P(Bicycle) Hint: you need to


create a total
column and row
P(if they are male, they took a car)
People exiting a new ride at a theme park were asked whether
they liked or disliked the ride. The results are shown in a two-way
table.

Child Adult
Liked the ride 55 28
Disliked the ride 17 30

Find the probability that a randomly chose person who went on the ride:
a. Liked the ride

b. Is a child and disliked the ride

c. Is an adult or disliked the ride


Sample Space and Events

 The Sample Space is the set of all possible outcomes in an experiment.


 An event is a set of outcomes in the sample space that have a particular
property
 Sample Space = Universal Set
 Outcomes = Elements
 Events – subsets of the sample space
A six sided die is rolled once. Let A be
the event that a prime number is rolled.
a. Use set notation to list the outcomes of

b. Draw a Venn Diagram


Illustrate the possible outcomes when
two coins are tossed using:
a. 2-dimensional Grid b. A tree
diagram
Illustrate the possible outcomes when
tossing a coin and rolling a six sided die:

a. 2-dimensional Grid b. A
tree diagram
Consider rolling a die and tossing
a coin. Determine the sample
space for the combined events.
Let D be the sample space for rolling a die: D={1,2,3,4,5,6}.

Let C be the sample space for tossing a coin: C={H,T}.

S={(1,H),(1,T),(2,H),(2,T),(3,H),(3,T),(4,H),(4,T),(5,H),(5,T),(6,H),(6,T)}
You roll a fair six-sided die and toss a fair coin.
Find the probability of getting a prime number
on the die and getting Tails in the coin toss.

 Hint use the multiplication Theorem


You roll a fair six-sided die and toss a fair coin.
Find the probability of getting a prime number
on the die and getting Tails in the coin toss.

Let A be the event of getting a prime number on the die, and B be the event of getting Tails in the
coin toss.

A={2,3,5}

B={Tails}

P(A and B) : P(A)xP(B)

P(A) = (Number of outcomes in A/Total number of outcomes on the die) = 3/6 = 1/2

P(B) = 1/2 (it is a fair coin)

P(A and B) = (1/2)x(1/2) = 1/4

Therefore: P(A and B) = 1/4


You roll a fair six-sided die and toss a fair
coin. What is the probability of getting
Heads or getting an even number?
Let C be the event of rolling an even number, and D be the event of getting Heads.

C = {2,4,6}

D = {Heads}

The probability of either event occurring is given by:

P(C or D) = P(C)+P(D) - P(C and D)

P(C) = 3/6 = 1/2

P(D) = 1/2

P(C and D) = 1/6(the outcome (2,heads))

P(C or D) = 1/2+1/2-1/6 = 5/6

 Therefore, the probability of rolling an even number or getting Heads is P(C or D)


= 5/6
Answers
Use a tree diagram to illustrate the
outcomes when this spinner is spun 3 times
Theoretical Probabilty

 You have a six sided dice


 We expect that each side has an equal chance of happening. Each outcome is
equally likely
 The theoretical probability of any outcome occuring is 1 in 6, or
A ticket is randomly selected from a basket
containing 3 green, 4 yellow, and 5 blue tickets.
Determine the probability of
a. A green ticket

b. Green or yellow ticket

c. Orange

d. Green, yellow, or blue


In a class of 30 students, 19 study physics,
17 study chemistry, and 15 study both.

a. Show on a Venn Diagram

b. Determine the probability of a randomly chosen student who studies


i. Both subjects
ii. At least one subject
iii. Physics but not chemistry
iv. Exactly one subject
v. Neither subject
The Addition Law

 For two events A and B

 If A and B are disjoint or mutually exclusive events, , so the addition law


becomes
If
. Find P(B)
A class of 30 students was given a History test. 7
Students scored an A and 11 students scored a B

A student is randomly selected

a. Are A and B mutually exclusive?

b. Find
i. P(A)
ii. P(B)
Independent Events

 Independent events are when two events do not effect the outcome of
each other
 If A and B are independent events, then
 If A, B, and C are independent events, then
Flipping a coin and rolling a dice

a. What is the probability of getting a Heads and a 5

b. What is the probability of getting a Heads and an Odd Number


Carl is not having much luck lately. His care will only start 80% of
the time, and his motorbike will only start 60% of the time,
independently of each other.

a. Draw a tree diagram b.


Event A is rolling a dice. Event B is picking a
marble from a bag with 4 red, 3 blue and 8 green
marbles.
 Find
 P(4 and a blue)

 P(even number and not green)

 P(4 and not green)


Mr. Manderville’s class has 8 girls and 7 boys.
Ms Karin’s class has 7 girls and 6 boys. A name
is drawn from each class to get a prize. What’s
the probability that
a. Both names are boys

b. At least one name is a girl


Multiplication Rule
Dependent Events

 Two or more events are dependent if the occurance of one of the events
affects the occurance of the other events.

 If events are independent  replacement


 If events are dependent  without replacement
If a bag has 3 blue marbles and 4 red marbles and
we choose 2 marbles. Draw tree diagrams for

Independent
Dependent
In a math class, there are 4 boys and 6 girls. They
will draw two names to get a homework pass. The
events are dependent of each other.

Find the probability that the two names are drawn

a. Are 2 boys

b. Boy and a girl

c. 2 girls
Conditional Probability

It is read as: What is the probability of A given B


Example

 What’s the probabilty of A given B


U
A B

(8) (7)
(14)

(1
)
Urn A contains 2 red marbles and 3 blue marbles,
and Urn B contains 4 red marbles and 1 blue
marble.
 Peter selects an urn by tossing a coin, and takes a marble from that urn.
 Draw the tree diagram

 Find

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