SAMPLING AND

SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION
SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

Random Sampling refers to be the sampling

technique in which each member of the
population is given equal chance to be chosen
as part of the sample.
TYPES OF RANDOM SAMPLING

1. Simple Random Sampling - a sampling technique

in which every element of the population has the
same chance of being selected for inclusion in the
sample.
2. Systematic Sampling - A random sampling
technique in which a list of elements of the
population is used as a sampling frame and the
elements to be included in the desired sample are
selected by skipping through the list at regular
intervals.
TYPES OF RANDOM SAMPLING
3. Stratified Sampling - is a random sampling
technique in which the population is first divided into
strata and then samples are randomly selected
separately from each stratum
4. Cluster Sampling - is a random sampling
technique in which the entire population is broken
into small groups, or clusters, and then, some of the
clusters are randomly selected. The data from
randomly selected clusters are the ones that are
analyzed.
PARAMETER AND STATISTICS

• Population – the totality of subjects.

• Sample – the portion chosen from a population.
• Sampling – the process of taking samples.
• Parameter – measurement or quantity that describes the
population.
• Statistic – measurement or quantity that describe the
sample.
PARAMETER AND STATISTICS
Examples:
1. In order to test the effect of the new drug humans, 20
patients were given the dose. After a minute, it was found
that the body temperature in average, decrease by 2°C.
Answer the following:
a. Are the 20 patients mentioned above population or
sample?
b. Is the 2°C decrease in the body temperature considered
parameter or statistics?
2. A survey of 1353 American households found that 18% of
the households own a computer.
PARAMETER AND STATISTICS

3. A recent survey of 2625 elementary school children found

that 28% of the children could be classified obese.
4. The average salary of all assembly-line employees at a
certain car manufacturer is $33,000
5. The average late fee for 360 credit card holders was
found to be $56.75.
POPULATION MEAN
The population mean is the mean of the entire population.
It is represented by the Greek letter mu (μ) and is computed
using the formula:

  x
where: N
x = given data
N = population size
POPULATION MEAN

Examples:
1. The numbers of workers in six outlets of a fast food
restaurant are 12, 10, 11, 15 12, and 14. Treating these data
as a population, find the population mean μ.
POPULATION VARIANCE
The population variance and standard deviation are widely
used measures of dispersion of date in research. Formula
for population variance:

where:  2

 (x  ) 2

x = given data
N
N = population size
μ = population mean
POPULATION STANDARD DEVIATION

Formula for population standard deviation:

  (x  ) 2

N
POPULATION VARIANCE AND STANDARD
DEVIATION
Examples:
1. The following are ages of the 16 math teachers at
Archimedes Secondary School.
30 34 32 38 28 36 40 31
35 34 33 30 37 40 30 40
Compute the following:
a.) population variance
b.) population standard deviation
SAMPLE MEAN

The sample mean is the average of all the values randomly

selected from the population. That is,

where: x
 x
x = given data n
n = sample size
SAMPLE MEAN
Examples:
1. The following are ages of the 16 math teachers at
Archimedes Secondary School. Assume that a researcher
selected only 12 out of the 16 Math teachers at Archimedes
Secondary School. Assume that the encircled data below
are those that were randomly selected.
30 34 32 38 28 36 40 31
35 34 33 30 37 40 30 40
Compute the sample mean.
SAMPLE VARIANCE AND STANDARD
DEVIATION
The sample variance s2 is the sum of the squared devation
of each data from the sample mean divided by n - 1. It uses
the formula below:
s 2

 2
( x  x)
n 1
Formula for sample standard deviation:

s
 ( x  x) 2

n 1
SAMPLE VARIANCE AND STANDARD
DEVIATION
Examples:
1. Calculate the sample variance and sample strandard
devation of the 12 randomly selected data in previous
example.
2. The following are the scores of 8 randomly selected
students in grade 10:
7, 8, 12, 15, 10, 11, 9, and 14
compute the sample mean, sample variance, and sample
standard deviation.
SAMPLE VARIANCE AND STANDARD
DEVIATION
Alternative formula for finding the sample variance:

2
s 

n x  2
  x  2

nn  1
Alternative formula for finding the sample standard
deviation:

s

n x  2
  x  2

nn  1
SAMPLE VARIANCE AND STANDARD
DEVIATION

Example:
1. Calculate the sample variance and sample strandard
devation of the data in previous example using the
alternative formula.
FINDING THE SAMPLE MEAN FROM A
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Example:
1. Find the sample mean from the frequency distribution
table below. Scores Frequancy (f)
40 - 42 2
43 - 45 5
46 - 48 8
49 - 51 12
52 - 54 6
55 - 57 4
58 - 60 3
FINDING THE SAMPLE MEAN FROM A
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Alternative formula for finding the sample mean using
deviation method
  fd 
x  A.M .   i
where:  f 
 
A.M. = assumed mean
f = frequency of each class
x  A.M .
d= = coded deviation from AM
i
i = class interval
FINDING THE SAMPLE MEAN FROM A
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Scores Frequancy (f)
Example: 21 - 25 4
1. Find the mean of the 26 - 30 7
frequency distribution table 31 - 35 6
using the deviatio method. 36 - 40 10
41 - 45 14
46 - 50 9
51 - 55 8
56 - 60 2
FINDING THE SAMPLE VARIANCE AND STANDARD
DEVIATION FROM A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Formula for sample variance:

f x  x 
2

s 2


 f  1
formula for sample standard deviation:

 f x  x 
2

s
 f  1
FINDING THE SAMPLE MEAN FROM A
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Scores Frequancy (f)
Example: 60 - 64 1
1. The scores in Chemistry of 65 - 69 2
randomly selected grade 10 70 - 74 2
students are shown below. 75 - 79 4
solve for the a) sample 80 - 84 6
variance and b) sample 85 - 89 8
deviation. 90 - 94 5
95 - 99 7
FINDING THE SAMPLE VARIANCE AND STANDARD
DEVIATION FROM A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Alternate formula for sample variance:

 f  fx   fx 
2 2
2
s 
 f  f  1
Alternate formula for sample standard deviation:

 f  fx   fx 
2 2
2
s 
 f  f  1
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE
MEAN
To find the mean of the sampling distibution of means, use
the following formula:
x 
 x
where x = sample mean n
n = total number of observations
Alternative formula:
 x  xPx 
where x = sample mean
Px = probability of each sample mean
SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean

1.Suppose a jar contains number 1, 3, and 5. If we take

two numbers in succession with replacement, then, the
possible 2-number samples are (1,1), (3,3), (5,5), (1,3),
(3,1), (1,5), (5,1), (3,5) and (5,3). Construct a sampling
distribution of sample mean.
2.Construct the sampling distribution of the sample
means when two dice are rolled.
3. A jar contains numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4. Construct the
sampling distribution of the sample means when two
numners are taken from a jar with replacement.
a. What is the probability that the mean of the numbers is
2.5?
b. What is the probability that the mean of the numbers is
less than 2?
c. What is the probability that the mean of the numbers is
greater than 1.5?
d. What is the probability that the mean of the numbers is
between 1.5 and 4?
 SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
Seatwork
A. Determine if the given subject is population or sample, then describe the
given quantity as parameter or statistics.
1. The average grade of the whole class under study is 82.15
Whole class: ______________
Average(82.15): ____________
2. 50 out of 200 animals in the zoo were taken and checked on their weight.
the variane of their weight is 12.5kg.
50 animals: ___________
Variance(12.5kg): _________
 SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

3. The standard deviation of the life span of a specie endemic in the

Philippines is 2.3 years
A specie endemic in the Philippines: ______________
Standard deviation(2.3 years): ____________
4. Based on the survey conducted to 1200 respondents, 1 out of 3 Filipinos
can't live without cellphone
1200 respondents: ___________
1 out of 3 Filipinos can't live without cellphone: _________
 SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
5. Based on the US National Hospital Discharge Record in 2010, the average
length of stay of patients in US hospitals is 4.8 days
Patients: ______________
Average stay(4.8 days): ____________

B. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means and answer the
questions that follow.
1. Adrian Cedrick receives 82 or 83 as his grade on his three major subjects.
Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.
a. What is the probability that his mean grade is lower than 83?
b. What is the probability that his mean grade is greater than 82.33?
 SAMPLING AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

c. What is the probability that his mean grade is 82.67?

d. What is the probability that his mean grade is between 82.33 and 83?
2. Three containters contain the numbers 0, 1, and 2. Construct the sampling
distribution of the sample mean when a number is taken from each container.
a. What is the probability that his mean is less than 1?
b. What is the probability that his mean is greater than 0.67?
c. What is the probability that his mean is 1?
d. What is the probability that his mean is between 1 and 2?