Computer

Fundamentals
Lesson19 — Network1
What's the network?

Social Network Traffic Network

Computer Network
the Internet of Thing
The purpose of Computer
network
A computer network allows sharing of information
and resources among interconnected devices.
Other purposes of a computer network are
facilitating communication between people,
information preservation, sharing software and
hardware, sharing files, data, and information.
What's the computer
network?
A collection of
computers and
related devices,
connected in a way
that allows them to
share data,
hardware, and
software.
 Client/Server?
Peer-to-Peer(P2P)?
Hardware
Client
Servers WAN? LAN?
Computers
WLAN? PAN?

Connection
Devices
medias Star?
Ring?
NIC? Bus ？
? Which mode Hub ？
Switch?
? Geographical Router?
distance AP?
? Topologies Twisted-Pair Cable?
? Related devices Optical Fiber?
? Connection medias Wireless?
 Peer-to-
Client/Server
Peer(P2P)

Yes Centralize No
d node
Server Service Everyon
provider e
 Geographical distance
WAN: Wide area network
Country wide or World wide

MAN: Metropolitan area network

spans cities with coverage up to 100 miles
Longer

LAN: Local area network

Building wide

WLAN: Wireless local area network

LAN with wireless

PAN: Personal area network

Individuals workspace
 Topologies
Network architecture describes how a network is arranged and how resources
are coordinated and shared.
Topology:
Bus network —each device is connected to a common cable called a bus or
backbone and all communications travel along this bus.
Ring network —each device is connected to two other devices, forming a ring.
Star network —each device is connected directly to a central network switch.
Tree network —each device is connected to a central node, either directly or
through one or more other devices.
Hybrid network —is a combination of different topologies.
Mesh network —this topology is the newest type and does not use a specific
physical layout (such as a star or a tree).
 star network
tree network

ring network

mesh network
Topologies

1. Central (hub) computer manages network

2. All messages routed through hub
① Helps prevent collisions among messages

3. Connection failure between hub and any node will

not affect overall system
① If hub is down, the network fails
Topologies

1. Links all nodes in a circular chain

2. Data messages travel around ring in a single direction
① Each node checks message to see whether that node is addressee
② If not, message passed to next node

3. No danger of data collision

4. If one node fails, ring is broken and network fails
Topologies

1. All nodes connected to single line (bus)

2. Computers send messages to other computers on network
① If messages collide with other messages, sending node resends
message

3. Nodes can be added/removed from network without

affecting network
4. If a node fails, network does not fail
Related devices
Network interface cards (NIC)
these are expansion cards located within the system unit that connect the computer
to a network. Sometimes referred to as a LAN adapter.
Network hub
A device that links two or more nodes of a wired network
Network switch
A device that sends data only to the devices specified as the destination
Network router
A device that can ship data from one network to another
Network
AP(access point)
serves as the interconnection point between WLAN.
What's the home router?

Interne Internet  LAN

Switc
LAN

t Mode
m
Route
r
h/
Hub

Optic signal …………………… Electrical signal

Network devices
Network devices
Connection medias
Twisted-Pair Cable
a cable made by intertwining two separate
insulated wires

Optical Fiber
Wire commonly made out of glass or plastic that
carries light signals

Wireless
Radio frequency signals, Microwaves, Infrared
light, Bluetooth, WI-FI (802.11)
Wireless
Connection
Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) uses high-frequency radio signals to transmit
data. A number of standards for Wi-Fi(IEEE 802.11) exist, and each can
send and receive data at a different speed. Most home and business
wireless networks use Wi-Fi.
Bluetooth is a short-range radio communication standard
that transmits data over short distances of up to
approximately 33 feet. Bluetooth is widely used for wireless
headsets, printer connections, and handheld devices.
Cellular communication uses multiple antennae (cell towers)
to send and receive data within relatively small geographic
regions (cells). Most cell phones and mobile devices use
cellular networks.
Infrared uses infrared light waves to communicate over short
distances.
Line-of-sight communication (No obstructions )
Connection medias
Wired Wireless
Advantage Disadvantage Advantage Disadvantage
• Faster than • not convenient • Mobility • Speed
wireless • Range
network • Licensing
• More secure  Regulated by
than wireless government
network agencies
 Radio, television,
• easy to set up
Mobile phone
and configure  Public
frequencies:
2.4GHz~5.8GHZ
• Security
 Composition of the
Internet
PC,smart phone,
Edge
Webcam, server,
ISP …
end router
system

network
Core

Communication between end system ？

Core of the Internet
edge

router

网络
network
core

Router is the key component of packet switching

1. Circuit switching
1. Circuit switching
Each telephone is directly
connected to the switch, which
uses a switching method(circuit
switching) to allow telephone
users to communicate easily with
each other.
1. Circuit switching
1. Establish connection: a dedicated
physical path is established.
2. Communication: the connection is
occupied.
3. Release connection: release the dedicated
physical path you just used
1. Circuit switching

A switch switch switch switch B

C D E F
subscriber line subscriber line
junction line

inefficient
2. Packet switching
• store and forward

• At the sender, the message is divided into shorter, fixed-length data

segments(packet).

message

1101000110101010110101011100010011010010
 2. Packet switching
message

1101000110101010110101011100010011010010

packet 1

header data packet 2

header data packet 3

Address of sender header data

Destination address
Sequence number

message

1101000110101010110101011100010011010010
2. Packet switching
分组交换网的示意图

router H4
H2
D
The path
H1 B changes
End system H6 dynamically!
E
A

H1 to H5 C
H5
H2 to H6
H3
2. Packet switching
分组交换网的示意图

Advantage description

dynamically allocated, the communication link is

efficient
occupied segment by segment.

The most appropriate path is selected for each packet

flexible
independently.

without first establishing a connection before sending

rapid
packets
reliable Reliable protocols
3. Message 分组交换网的示意图
switching

• In the 1940s, telegraph communication also adopted message

switching based on the store-and-forward principle
• Long latency
 circut message packet
P1
P2 P1
establish P3 P2 P
P4 1
P3 P
2
P4
P3
P4
communication

Release

t
A B C D A B C D A B C D
message packet

store-forward store-forward
Trace router

• tracert (Windows command)

• It shows the path that a packet takes from one computer or device
through multiple hops to destination.

• TTL stands for Time to Live that limits the lifespan or lifetime of data in
a computer or network.
• the TTL field is reduced by one on every hop. For example, tracert
command decreases initial TTL value till it reaches the destination
through all hops it traverses.
• TTL max value is 255
How does device get an
address?
MAC(Media Access control) address
A unique number assigned to a network interface card when
it is manufactured
Command line: ipconfig/all arp –a
Eg: e4-68-a3-91-58-2d

IP address
A series of numbers used to identify a network device
Command line: ipconfig
Eg: 192.255.231.194
IP address
IP address are 32 bits long (IPv4)
They are usually written as decimal numbers and divided by
periods into four groups.
ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)

Country City District Number

Tel
86 021 6455 1617
Number
IP
211 . 144 . 105 . 187
Address Network Host
address Address
IP address
Net ID Host ID

32 bit

Class A 0

net-id host-id
8 bit 24 bit

Class B 1 0
net-id host-id
16 bit 16 bit

Class C 1 1 0
net-id host-id
24 bit 8 bit

Class D 1110 Multicast

Class E 1111 reserved

IP address

class Maximum network The first Net ID The last Net ID Maximum host

A 126 (27 – 2) 1 126 16777214(224 – 2)

B 16384 (214 ) 128.1 191.255 65534(216 – 2)

C 2097152 (221) 192.0.1 223.255.255 254(28 – 2)

0 and 127 are not valid in a Class A.

Host ID with all 0 and all 1 are not assigned.
Host ID with all 0 : network address.
IP address
222.1.1.1 222.1.1.2 222.1.1.3
LAN1
222.1.1.
222.1.1.4
0 R1
LAN3
222.1.5.1 222.1.6.1
222.1.3.
222.1.3.3 0 N3 222.1.6.0 LAN2 222.1.2.1
222.1.2.
222.1.5.2 N2 222.1.5.0
222.1.6.2 0
R2
R3 N1 222.1.4.0 222.1.2.5
222.1.3.1 222.1.2.2
222.1.3.2 222.1.4.2 222.1.4.1 B

222.1.2.4 222.1.2.3
Internet

 A router should be connected to at least two networks (so that it can forward data
from one network to the other), so a router should have at least two different IP
addresses.
 The network ID in the IP address of a host or router on the same LAN must be the
Static IP Address & Dynamic IP
Address

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

 Why doesn't everyone have a static IP
address?

IPv4 only can provides approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses.

Many of these are reserved for special purposes and devices
Leaving a meager number for the estimated 2 billion Internet
users

IPv6:128-bits IP address
Private IP address
Address ranges below are reserved for private intranets,
and not routable to the Internet.

10.0.0.0 ~ 10.255.255.255 (10.0.0.0/8 prefix)

172.16.0.0 ~ 172.31.255.255 (172.16.0.0/12 prefix)
192.168.0.0 ~ 192.168.255.255 (192.168.0.0/16 prefix)
How do I get a dynamic IP address?
ISP controls a unique pool of IP address, which can be
assigned to subscribers

Network
IP Address Pool
DHC
P
Serv
er
subnetting
Why is subnet needed?
Sometimes the utilization of IP address is inefficient.
Not flexible.
Management.

Net ID Subnet ID Host ID

32 bit

Subnetting does not change the network address.

Without subnetting
Class B network: 145.13.0.0

Network address 145.13.3.11 145.13.3.101

145.13.0.0
145.13.3.10 …
145.13.7.34
R2
145.13.7.35

R1

…
R3
… 145.13.7.56
All packets to
network 145.13.21.23 145.13.21.8
145.13.0.0 go 145.13.21.9
through this
router
With subnetting
Class B network: 145.13.0.0

All packets to
network
145.13.3.101
145.13.3.11
145.13.0.0 go 145.13.7.34
through this 145.13.3.10 …
145.13.7.35
router

R2 subnet 145.13.3.0
subnet

…
145.13.7.0
145.13.7.56
R1
subnet 145.13.21.0

R3 …
145.13.21.23
145.13.21.9 network
145.13.21.8 145.13.0.0
address/subnet mask
subnet mask is used to find the subnet address

subnet mask:
Length: 32 bit
Left: consecutive 1, net ID and
subnet ID
Right: consecutive 0, host ID
address/subnet mask
Network
A Net ID Host ID, all 0
address

Default
Subnet mask 11111111 000000000000000000000000
255.0.0.0

B Network Net ID Host ID, all 0

address

Default
Subnet mask 1111111111111111 0000000000000000
255.255.0.0

Network
C address Net ID Host ID, all 0

Default
Subnet mask
111111111111111111111111 00000000
255.255.255.0
IP address and subnet
mask Net-ID Host-ID

Two-level IP 145 . 13 . 3 . 10

Net-ID Subnet-ID Host-ID

Three-level IP 145 . 13 . 3 . 10

Net-ID and Subnet-ID Host-ID AND

Subnet mask of
1111111111111111 1 1 1 1 1 1 10
10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Three-level IP

Subnet network 145 . 13 . 3 0

address
 IP : 141.14.72.24 ， subnet mask 255.255.192.0. network
address?

141 . 14 . 72 . 24

141 . 14 . 1 0 0 1 0 0 0.
0 24
AND
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0000 0 0 0 0 0 0

141 . 14 . 0 1 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0

network address 141 . 14 . 64 . 0

 H1 H2
IP : 128.30.33.13 IP : 128.30.33.138
subnet mask subnet mask
255.255.255.128. 255.255.255.128.

network address:128.30.33.0 network address:128.30.33.128

CIDR
CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)
Why? Waste of IP address. Class A, B, C are not suitable
for different scope of networks in real world.

network-prefix Host ID

32 bit

slash notation. E.g.: 128.14.35.7/20

20 bit net ID, 12 bit host ID
CIDR

128.14.35.7/20 : 10000000 00001110 00100011 00000111

Min: 128.14.32.0
Max: 128.14.47.255

Tips: all 0 and all 1 are not assigned.

Host number: 212-2
CIDR sample
ISP college
206.0.64.0/18
206.0.68.0/22

206.0.68.0/23 206.0.70.0/24 206.0.71.0/25 206.0.71.128/25

206.0.68.0/25 206.0.70.0/26 206.0.71.0/26 206.0.71.128/26

206.0.68.128/25 206.0.70.64/26 206.0.71.64/26 206.0.71.192/26
206.0.69.0/25 206.0.70.128/26
206.0.69.128/25 206.0.70.192/26 Dept.3 Dept.4
Dept.1 Dept.2

Dept. CIDR Binary

host
ISP 206.0.64.0/18 11001110.00000000.01*
16384
college 206.0.68.0/22 11001110.00000000.010001*
1024
Dept.1 206.0.68.0/23 11001110.00000000.0100010*
512
Dept.2 206.0.70.0/24 11001110.00000000.01000110.*
256
Dept.3 206.0.71.0/25 11001110.00000000.01000111.0*
128