Pressure.

1.- Absolute Pressure Definition

2.- Pascal Principle and Applications

3.- Pressure as a function of height

2.- Atmospheric Pressure discovery

3.- Absolute, Atmospheric and Manometric Pressure

4.- Aplications
 Absolute Pressure Definition.
Normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area

d F
Submarine maximum pressure Pabs 
Pmax = 110 Mpa = 1100 bar dA
P  N m  Pa
2

Fluido
(gas o líquido) P  lb in psi
f
2

Pressure is a
compressive force.
( it cannot be negative)

Submarine
Pabs 0
dA
dA

Note: 1 bar = 100 kPa

1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 14.223 psi
Fluids may push upwards.
Pascal Principle and Some Applications .
 Pascal Principle.
Pressure is transmitted in a uniform manner through the
whole fluid. (Pressure is always perpendicular to the
contact surface)
 Pascal Principle and Hydraulic Brakes

In other words: La pressure tries to be equal everywhere.

 Hydraulic Ram Principle
( Pascal + Pressure changes just in the vertical direction)

F1 F2  A2 
P  F2   F1
A1 A2  A1 
What shoud be the Diameter of Piston Two?
 Pressure as a function of height.

PA  P  dP A   g A dy  0
y ∆ 𝑃 :𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

PA : distance to surface
mg
P  dPA
∆ 𝑃 =𝜌 𝑔 ∆ 𝑦
Pressure does not change along the horizontal direction!

∆ 𝑃 =𝜌 𝑔 ∆ 𝑦
PA PB PC
 Cerebrospinal Fluid

By OpenStax College - Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site

 Cerebrospinal Fluid

By OpenStax College - Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site

Measuring Pressure Differences
just an identity :
PA  PB PA  P1   P1  P4   P4  PB 

PA  PB 1 g h1   2 g h2  1 g h1  h2 

PA  PB  2 h2  1 h1 g

r2

r1
Archimedes Principle

A body at rest in a fluid is acted upon by a force pushing upward

called the buoyant force, which is equal to the weight of the fluid
that the body displaces. If the body is completely submerged, the
volume of fluid displaced is equal to the volume of the body.

𝐹 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 =𝜌 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 (𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 ) 𝑔

Archimedes Principle Applications:

𝐹 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 =𝜌 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 (𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 ) 𝑔

Ejemplo del Principio de Arquímedes:
Se estima que el 90% del volumen de un iceberg está debajo de la superficie, mientras
que sólo es visible 10 % arriba de la superficie. Para el agua de mar con una densidad
de 1 025 kg/m3, estime la densidad del Iceberg.
Atmospheric Pressure
 The Discovery of Atmospheric Pressure:
The flooding of carbon mines
England XVII Century:
Wood is becoming scare, Looking for Carbon as a new energy source

Solution: Carbon Mines…. But they have problems with flooding!!

 The Discovery of Atmospheric Pressure
. Hydraulic Pumps were develop (Stevin 1586, Della Porta, 1601 )
. They thought they work because “nature abhors vacuum”… .

But pumps could not rise water more than 10 m!

h < 10 m h > 10 m

How do they really work?...

Torricelli Experiment at Sea Level.
 Torricelli Explanation.

At Sea Level:
∆ 𝑃 =𝜌 𝑔 ∆ 𝑦 Patm = 760 mm de Hg
Patm = 101.325 kPa
Patm = 14.696 psi
Patm = 1 atm
Patm = 1.01325 bar
 Pascal Repeats the Experiment at different Altitudes.
His brother in law (an alpinist) observed the length of the mercury column
at different altitudes with respect to sea level.

Barometer: Measures Atmospheric Pressure

1650: Otto Von Guericke First Vacuum Pump

- Candles turn off

- Bells do not produce
sound
Otto Von Guericke and the Magdeburg Hemisphers ( 1672).

Modern Version
Otto Von Guericke and the Magdeburg Hemisphers ( 1672).
Otto Von Guericke Experiment Explanation
and Similar Experiments

Plastic bottle fill with air at top of a

Mountain taken at different altitudes.
Atmospheric Pressure Measurement.
 Manometric Pressure Definition.
Sea Level
Example:
Pabsolute A car´s tire is at
30 psi (manometric)
What is its absolute
Pman  Pabs  Patm Pressure if we are in
Acapulco?

Answer: 44.7 psi

Patm 101.325 kPa 1 atm 14.7 psi

Note : This is the " sea level"
atmospheri c pressure. At other altitudes
Patm is different.
0
 Manometric Pressure Definition.
Sea Level
Example:

A car´s tire is at 30 psi (manometric). What is its absolute pressure if we are in

Acapulco?

Pabsolute
Pabs  Pman  Patm 44.7 psi
Pman = 30 psi

Patm = 14.7 psi

0
 Manometric Pressure Definition.
Mexico City
Example:
Pabsolute A car´s tire is at
30 psi (manometric)
Pman  Pabs  Patm What is its absolute
Pressure if we are in
Mexico City?

Answer: 40.8 psi

Patm 75 kPa 10.8 psi

0
 Manometric Pressure Definition.
Mexico City
Example:
Pabsolute A car´s tire is at
30 psi (manometric)
Pman  Pabs  Patm What is its absolute
Pressure if we are in
Mexico City?

Answer: 40.8 psi

Patm 75 kPa 10.8 psi

0
Ejemplo: ¿Cuánto vale la Presión absoluta en A?
2.- Con referencia al tanque que se muestra en la figura. Si h 1 = 30 cm, h2 = 40 cm y h3 = 50 c.
( a ) ¿Cuál es la presión manométrica del aire en el interior del tanque
( b ) ¿Cuál es su presión absoluta? Suponga que en el barómetro de la figura el mercurio
sube 650 mm. (Nota: La gravedad específica del aceite es de 0.9 y la del mercurio es
de 13.8)
 Pressure Measurement.
(Bourdon Manometer)

“Espanta Suegras”  Bourdon Manometer

They measure Manometric Pressure

Bourdon Manometer.
Bourdon Manometer Applications.
Dead Weight Manometer.
Primary Standards
APPENDIX
Pressure: Applications
Pressure Vessels

- Compressed air for pneumatics.

- Compressed oil for hydraulics
- Gas liquefaction (LNG, Nitrogen,
Amonia…etc)
- Autoclaves ( high pressure steam at high T)
- Petrochemical plants
 Buceando con Snorkel

P2  Patm

Pulmones

P1  Patm   agua g h
Pressure: Applications
Summary