Projects – are concentrated highly organized efforts to

achieve a specific task within a period of time

● they focus on innovative changes related to
development
● they require a combination of services and
expertise cutting across usual line of authorities
● needed personnel and supportive help often
change from one stage to another
● geographic boundaries may not correspond to
usual organizational structures
● innovative nature is subject to volatile political and
public relations

1
 The Phases of Project Evolution

Creation of Follow-up and

Preconditions Planning Analysis Implementation Encouragement
for Project of Self-sustained
Success Progress

BEFORE DURING AFTER

2
 PLANNING ANALYSIS IMPLEMENTATION

Identification of local felt- Realistic prediction outcomes Help in gaining local project
needs and obstacles to resource needs, time require- acceptance and enthusiasm.
change. ments.

Delineation of viable Suggestion of relevant Help in disseminating

action possibilities. criteria for choosing projects information and reaching
as viewed by local people. more people.

Reinforcement of the Help in arriving at consensus Leadership in establishing

Idea of pursuing the that meshes national priori- and sustaining appropriate
project proposal further. ties with local desires. local organization for group
action and coordination.

Help in “selling” high-priority Augmentation of project

proposals to decision-makers “inputs” with farmers’ and
and funding sources. business resources.

Feedback about project

status, problems and results.

Mobilization of local energies

and talents for self-sustained
progress after project phase-out.

3
For a project to succeed, planners need to give attention to
all of these DIAGNOSTIC PERSPECTIVES:
● Technical – agronomic, animal husbandry or engineering
viewpoint on relevant aspects of the project
● Institutional – the organization structures, communication
mechanism and lines of authority and influence
● Alternatives – examination of project design possibilities
from viewpoint of resource-use efficiency and other
relevant aspects
● Means-end continuum – project outputs and purposes
viewed in the broader contexts of compatibility with
agency, sectoral or national goal

4
Diagnostic Perspectives …
● Human behavior – the motivational group interaction,
leadership, and cultural elements that are important
to project success
● Political – compatibility of the project with political
concerns and with accepted processes of generating
socio-economic change
● Financial and economic – consistency of the project with
funding constraints, social-financial management,
and the realities of economic relationships
● Integrative systems – examination of how the various
project components or steps are coordinated and
interact with one another
5
 THE PLANNING PROCESS
Study
Environment

Layout Detailed Steps Establish Planning

for Implementation Premises

SYNTHESIS

Choose Set Objectives

Alternatives of Projects

Formulate
Alternatives

6
Project Proposal:

1. Is it realistic?
2. Is it the best alternative?
3. Which one you give emphasis, tangibles or intangibles?
4. Is it addressing to the root cause of the problem?

tangibles - having physical substance and intrinsic monetary value

intangibles - used to describe things that are recognized but not easily quantified

7
 CORPORATE PLANNING GUIDE
1. Where are you today? SITUATIONAL present position
ANALYSIS
2. Where do you want to OVERALL GOALS, how profitable, how big,
go? OBJECTIVES how fast
3. What business are you MISSION markets, customers,
in? technology
4. What kind of organiza- PHILOSOPHY people, climate,
tion do you want to be? policies
5. How will you get there? STRATEGY what means will you use
6. What needs to be PLANS specific programs
done?
7. How much will the BUDGET dollars, manpower,
plans cost? facilities
8. Who does what, when? DETAILED OBJEC- Management by Objectives,
TIVES AND WORK detailed tactical steps

8
 THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT

Regulators

Consumers
Suppliers of
PROJECT of
Inputs
Outputs

Competitors

(1)

9
 THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT

Physical Infrastructural

Political/Legal PROJECT Technologies

Commercial/
Psychological/
Financial/
Socio-cultural
Economics

(2)

10
THE PROJECT ENVIRONMENT

National Appreciated
Regional Influenceabl
Local e
Controllable
PROJECT PROJECT

(3) (4)

11
 Local Involvement Can Help in All Project Stages

Farmers, businessmen and leaders cannot only

enhance project implementation success, but also be
helpful sources of facts, ideas and support during the earlier
processes of design and selection. Some specific
contributions at the three major stages are:

12
 PROJECT ORGANIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT
IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

APPRECIATED INFLUENCEABLE CONTROLLED

1. Social Institution 1. Religious Groups 1. Objectives, strategies,

2. Economic Institution 2. Owner Groups action plans of organi-
3. Technological Institu- 3. Competitive Organiza- zation carrying out
tions: tions rural development
a) Political 4. Technical Supervisor
b) Cultural 5. Credit Association
6. Government Agencies
7. Local Banks
8. Suppliers
9. Marketing Boards

13
 DESIGNING THE INFORMATION SYSTEM
Varying Needs for Information Throughout the Project Cycle: There are several
distinct kinds of informational needs before, during and after completion of a
project.

NEEDS, AIMS:

Problems to PROJECT PROJECT PROJECT Remaining

Be Solved PLANNING ANALYSIS IMPLEMENTATION Problems

Before Project After Project

Situation Situation

BENCHMARK EVALUATION
STUDIES STUDIES

14
END OF THE SLIDE SHOW

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