++String in C

Using Strings in C++ Programs

• String library <string> or <cstring> provides

functions to:
- manipulate strings
- compare strings
- search strings

• ASCII character code

- Strings are compared using their character codes
- Easy to make comparisons (greater than, less than,
equal to)
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 Using Strings in C++ Programs .. Cont.
• Character Constant
- Integer value of a character
- Represented with single quotes
- ‘z’ is the integer value of z, which is 122
• String in C++
- Series of characters treated as one unit
- can include letters, digits, special characters +, -, *, …
- String literal (string constants) enclosed in double
quotes, for example: “C++ course”

3
 Using Strings in C++ Programs .. Cont.
Example:
Write a C++ program that reads two initials and the last name of
a person and displays a personalized message to the program
user.

Analysis stage:
- Input:
2 characters for the initials (e.g. first and second)
1 string for the last name (e.g. last)
-Output:
a message to welcome the user

4
 Using Strings in C++ Programs .. Cont.
//A program to display a user’s name with a welcome message
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
void main ( )
{ char first, second; //input and output: first and second initials
string last; //input and output: last name
// Enter letters and print message.
cout<<"Enter 2 initials for your first and second names and last
name: " ;
cin >> first >> second >> last;
cout<< "Hello "<<first<< ". " << second<<". " <<last<< endl;
}

5
 .Using build in library
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
void main ()
{string str1 = "Hello";
string str2 = "World";
string str3;
int len ;
str3 = str1; // copy str1 into str3
cout << "str3 : " << str3 << endl;
// concatenates str1 and str2
str3 = str1 + str2;
cout << "str3 : " << str3 << endl;
len = str3.size();
cout << "str3.size() : " << len <<endl;
}
 .Using built-in libraray – Cont
#include<iostream> wholeName.insert(0,"Mr. ");
#include<string> cout<<greeting<<wholeName<<'!'<<endl;
using namespace std; wholeName.insert(9,"Ali ");
void main() cout<<greeting<<wholeName<<'!'<<endl;
{ string first, last, title; wholeName.replace(9,7,"Maher ");
string wholeName;
cout<<greeting<<wholeName<<'!'<<endl;
string greeting= "Hello ";
wholeName.erase(9,3);
cout<<"Enter first name: ";
cout<<greeting<<wholeName<<'!'<<endl;
cin>>first;
title.assign(wholeName,0,20);
cout<<"Enter last name: ";
cout<<greeting<<wholeName<<'!'<<endl;
cin>>last;
wholeName=first+" "+last; cout<<greeting<<title<<'!'<<endl;
cout<<greeting<<wholeName<<'!'<<endl; }
cout<<"You have "<<(wholeName.length()-1)
<<" letters in your name. "<<endl;
cout<<"Your initials are "<<first.at(0)
<<last.at(0)<<endl;
cout<<"position of last
"<<wholeName.find(last)<<endl;
Output :
 ++Fundamentals of Strings in C
- String can be array of characters ends with null
character ‘\0’.
char color [ ] = “green” ;
-- this creates 6 element char array, color, (last element
is ‘\0’)

0\ n e e r g

-- color can be declared also as :

char color [ ] = {‘g’, ‘r’, ‘e’, ‘e’, ‘n’, ‘\0’ };
char color [ 6] = {‘g’, ‘r’, ‘e’, ‘e’, ‘n’, ‘\0’ };
 .Fundamentals of Strings in C++ .. Cont

- String can be constant pointer that points to the

string’s first character.
Example:
char *colorPtr = “green” ;
-- this creates pointer variable colorPtr that points to
the string “green” that is stored somewhere in memory
0\ n e e r g

-- value of variable colorPtr is the address of its first

character(g)
 Example
void main( ) {
char firstName[] = "Ahmad";
char *lastName = "Omar";

cout<<"First Name: "<<firstName<<endl;

cout<<"Last Name: "<<lastName<<endl;
int i=0;
cout<<"FirstName: ";
while (firstName[i] != '\0')
cout<<firstName[i++];
i=0;
cout<<"\nLast Name: ";
while (lastName[i] != '\0')
cout<<lastName[i++]; }
 Fundamentals of Strings in C++ .. Cont.

• Reading Strings
- Assign input to character array, for example
char word [ 20 ];
cin >> word;
cout<<word<<endl;
-- this reads characters until a space, tab, newline,
or end-of-file is encountered.
-- the string should be less than 19 characters, the
20th is for the null character (‘\0’).
Problem: read characters until the first white space
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 Fundamentals of Strings in C++ .. Cont.
• solution: To read an entire line of text into an array,
C++ uses: getline function as follows:
cin.getline ( array, array size, delimiter character);
- getline will copy input into specified array until
either
-- one less than the size is reached
-- the delimiter character is input
- Example:
char word [20] ;
cin.getline ( word, 20, ‘\n’ );
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 String Manipulation Functions
Description Function
Copies string s2 into the char *strcpy(char *s1, const char *s2);
character array s1. The
value of s1 is returned.
Copies at most n char *strncpy(char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n);
characters of string s2 into
the array s1. The value of
s1 is returned.
Appends string s2 to char *strcat (char *s1, const char *s2);
string s1. The value of s1
is returned.
Appends at most n char *strncat (char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n);
characters of string s2 to
string s1. The value of s1
is returned.
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 String Manipulation Functions .. Cont.

Compares string s1 with int strcmp(const char *s1, const char *s2);
string s2. The function
returns a value of zero,
less than zero or greater
than zero if s1 is equal
to, less than or greater
than s2, respectively.

Compares up to n int strncmp(const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t n);
characters of string s1
with string s2. The
function returns zero,
less than zero or greater
than zero if s1 is equal
to, less than or greater
than s2, respectively.

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 String Manipulation Functions .. Cont.
Determines the length of string s. The Size_t strlen( const char *s);
number of characters preceding the
terminating null character is returned.

Note: These functions only work with Array of characters

and pointer. They don’t work on variables of type string.

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String Manipulation Functions .. Cont.

1- strcpy(s1, s2)  s1 = s2 Copies string s2 into string s1.

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
void main() {
char str1[] ="Omar";
char *str2 = "Ahmad";

strcpy(str1,str2);

cout<<str1<<endl;
}
2- strncpy(s1, s2)  s1[n] = s2[n]

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;

void main() {
char str1[] = ”**********";
char *str2 = “$$$$$$$$$$";

strncpy(str1,str2,5);

cout<<str1<<endl;
}
3- strcat(s1, s2)  s1 = s1+s2
Concatenates string s2 onto the end of string s1.

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;

void main() {
char str1[24] = ”Philadelphia";
char *str2 = “University";

strcat(str1,str2);

cout<<str1<<endl;
}
4- strncat(s1, s2,n)  s1 = s1+s2[n]

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;

void main() {
char str1[24] = ”Philadelphia";
char *str2 = “University of Jordan";

strncat(str1,str2,10);

cout<<str1<<endl;
}
5- strcmp(s1, s2)  0 if s1 = s2
 -1 if s1 < s2
 1 if s1 > s2
Symbols < … < numbers < … < capital letters < …. < smal letters.
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
void main() {
char str1[20] ;
char str2[20] ;
cin.getline(str1,20);
cin.getline(str2,20);
if (strcmp(str1,str2))
if (strcmp(str1,str2) == 1)
cout<<str1<<" > "<<str2<<endl;
else
cout<<str1<<" < "<<str2<<endl;
else
cout<<str1<<" = "<<str2<<endl; }
6- strncmp(s1, s2,n)  0 if s1[n] = s2[n]
 -1 if s1[n] < s2[n]
#include <iostream>
 1 if s1[n] > s2[n]
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
void main() {
char str1[20] ;
char str2[20] ;
cin.getline(str1,20);
cin.getline(str2,20);

if (strncmp(str1,str2,1))
if (strcmp(str1,str2,1) == 1)
cout<<str1<<" > "<<str2<<endl;
else
cout<<str1<<" < "<<str2<<endl;
else
cout<<str1<<" = "<<str2<<endl; }
7- strlen(s)  How many characters in s

is a function that accepts a string, defined as an array of

characters, and returns the number of characters in the string
excluding null character

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
void main() {
char s1[] = "Ahamd Ali";
char *s2 = "Amman City";
cout<<s1<<" Consists of "<<strlen(s1)<<" Characters.\n";
cout<<s2<<" Consists of "<<strlen(s2)<<" Characters.\n";
}
 strcpy - code
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
const int stringsize = 40;
void strcpy(char destation[], char source[])
{
int stringindex=0;
while(source[stringindex] !='\0')
{ destation[stringindex]=source[stringindex];
stringindex++;}
destation[stringindex]='\0';
}
void main()
{ char s1[stringsize]; // or you can define it char *s1 = new char[];
strcpy(s1,"we are going to implement strings");
cout<<"S1 = "<< s1<<endl;
 strlen- code
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
const int stringsize =256;
int strlen(char string[])
{ int len=0;
while(string[len]!='\0')
len++;
return len;}
void main()
{ char buffer[stringsize];
char buffer2[] = "this is another expression";
cout<<"enter an expression"<<endl;
cin>>buffer;
cout<<"the length of the string you just typed is "
<<strlen(buffer)<<endl;
cout<<"the length of the string with space is "
<<strlen(buffer2)<<endl;}
 strcmp - code
#include<iostream> void main()
using namespace std; { char b1[]="Ahmad";
const int stringsize = 256; char b2[]="Ali";
int strcmp(char s1[], char s2[]) if(strcmp(b1,b2) == -1)
{ cout<<"first string is smaller"<<endl;
int stringindex=0; else if (strcmp(b1,b2) == 1)
while(s1[stringindex] !='\0') cout<<"first string is larger"<<endl;
{ if (s1[stringindex]>s2[stringindex]) else
return 1; cout <<"both strings are the
else if (s1[stringindex]<s2[stringindex]) same"<<endl;}
return -1;
else
stringindex++;}
if (strlen(s1) < strlen(s2))
return -1;
return 0;}
 strcat - code
#include<iostream>
using namespace std; void main()
void strcat(char destination[], char source[])
{
{ int len=0;
int stringindex=0;
char s1[265];
// calculates the end of the destination string strcpy(s1,"philadelphia University ");
while(destination[len]!='\0') strcat(s1,"- Faculty of Information Technology");
len++; cout<<" the string is: "<<endl<<s1<<endl;
while(source[stringindex] != '\0') }
{
destination[len+stringindex]=source[stringindex];
stringindex++;
}
destination[len+stringindex]='\0';
}