Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
Introduction
March 27, 2012
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
Coverage
Introduction Data Preprocessing Data Warehouse and OLAP Technology: An Introduction Advanced Data Cube Technology and Data Generalization Mining Frequent Patterns, Association and Correlations
Classification and Prediction
Cluster Analysis
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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
Chapter 1. Introduction
Motivation: Why data mining? What is data mining? Data Mining: On what kind of data? Data mining functionality
Are all the patterns interesting?
Classification of data mining systems Data Mining Task Primitives Integration of data mining system with a DB and DW System Major issues in data mining
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
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Derivation for Terabytes Petabytes
1 terabyte is1000000000000bytes, or 1 trillion (short scale) bytes, or 1024 gigabytes. 1 terabyte inbinary prefixes is 0.9095 tebibytes, or 931.32 gibibytes. The unit symbol for the terabyte isTB or TByte, but not Tb (lower case b) which refers to terabit.
1 PB = 1000000000000000B = 10005 B = 1015 B = 1 million gigabytes = 1 thousand terabytes
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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
Why Data Mining?
The Explosive Growth of Data: from terabytes to petabytes
Data collection and data availability
Automated data collection tools, database systems, Web, computerized society
Major sources of abundant data
Business: Web, e-commerce, transactions, stocks,
Science: Remote sensing, bioinformatics, scientific simulation, Society and everyone: news, digital cameras,
We are drowning in data, but starving for knowledge!
Necessity is the mother of inventionData miningAutomated analysis of massive data sets
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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
Evolution of Database Technology
1960s:
Data collection, database creation, IMS and network DBMS Relational data model, relational DBMS implementation RDBMS, advanced data models (extended-relational, OO, deductive, etc.)
1970s:
1980s:
Application-oriented DBMS (spatial, scientific, engineering, etc.)
Data mining, data warehousing, multimedia databases, and Web databases Stream data management and mining Data mining and its applications Web technology (XML, data integration) and global information systems
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
1990s:
2000s
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What Is Data Mining?
Data mining (knowledge discovery from data)
Extraction of interesting (non-trivial, implicit, previously unknown and potentially useful) patterns or knowledge from huge amount of data
Data mining: a misnomer? Knowledge discovery (mining) in databases (KDD), knowledge extraction, data/pattern analysis, data archeology, data dredging, information harvesting, business intelligence, etc. Simple search and query processing (Deductive) expert systems
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
Alternative names
Watch out: Is everything data mining?
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Why Data Mining?Potential Applications
Data analysis and decision support
Market analysis and management
Target marketing, customer relationship management (CRM), market basket analysis, cross selling, market segmentation
Risk analysis and management
Forecasting, customer retention, improved underwriting, quality control, competitive analysis
Fraud detection and detection of unusual patterns (outliers) Text mining (news group, email, documents) and Web mining Stream data mining Bioinformatics and bio-data analysis
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
Other Applications
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Ex. 1: Market Analysis and Management
Where does the data come from?Credit card transactions, loyalty cards, discount coupons, customer complaint calls, plus (public) lifestyle studies Target marketing
Find clusters of model customers who share the same characteristics: interest, income level, spending habits, etc., Determine customer purchasing patterns over time
Cross-market analysisFind associations/co-relations between product sales, & predict based on such association Customer profilingWhat types of customers buy what products (clustering or classification) Customer requirement analysis
Identify the best products for different customers
Predict what factors will attract new customers Multidimensional summary reports Statistical summary information (data central tendency and variation)
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
Provision of summary information
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Ex. 2: Corporate Analysis & Risk Management
Finance planning and asset evaluation
cash flow analysis and prediction contingent claim analysis to evaluate assets cross-sectional and time series analysis (financial-ratio, trend analysis, etc.)
Resource planning
summarize and compare the resources and spending
Competition
monitor competitors and market directions
group customers into classes and a class-based pricing procedure set pricing strategy in a highly competitive market
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Ex. 3: Fraud Detection & Mining Unusual Patterns
Approaches: Clustering & model construction for frauds, outlier analysis Applications: Health care, retail, credit card service, telecomm.
Auto insurance: ring of collisions Money laundering: suspicious monetary transactions Medical insurance
Professional patients, ring of doctors, and ring of references
Unnecessary or correlated screening tests
Phone call model: destination of the call, duration, time of day or week. Analyze patterns that deviate from an expected norm Analysts estimate that 38% of retail shrink is due to dishonest employees
Telecommunications: phone-call fraud
Retail industry
Anti-terrorism
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Knowledge Discovery (KDD) Process
Data miningcore of knowledge discovery process
Pattern Evaluation
Data Mining Task-relevant Data Data Warehouse Selection
Data Cleaning
Data Integration Databases
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KDD Process: Several Key Steps
Learning the application domain
relevant prior knowledge and goals of application
Creating a target data set: data selection Data cleaning and preprocessing: (may take 60% of effort!) Data reduction and transformation
Find useful features, dimensionality/variable reduction, invariant representation summarization, classification, regression, association, clustering
Choosing functions of data mining
Choosing the mining algorithm(s)
Data mining: search for patterns of interest
Pattern evaluation and knowledge presentation
visualization, transformation, removing redundant patterns, etc.
Use of discovered knowledge
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Data Mining and Business Intelligence
Increasing potential to support business decisions
Decision Making
Data Presentation Visualization Techniques Data Mining Information Discovery
End User
Business Analyst Data Analyst
Data Exploration Statistical Summary, Querying, and Reporting Data Preprocessing/Integration, Data Warehouses Data Sources Paper, Files, Web documents, Scientific experiments, Database Systems
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DBA
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Data Mining: Confluence of Multiple Disciplines
Database Technology
Statistics
Machine Learning
Pattern Recognition
Data Mining
Visualization
Algorithm
Other Disciplines
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Why Not Traditional Data Analysis?
Tremendous amount of data
Algorithms must be highly scalable to handle such as tera-bytes of data Micro-array may have tens of thousands of dimensions Data streams and sensor data Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data Structure data, graphs, social networks and multi-linked data Heterogeneous databases and legacy databases Spatial, spatiotemporal, multimedia, text and Web data Software programs, scientific simulations
High-dimensionality of data
High complexity of data
New and sophisticated applications
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Multi-Dimensional View of Data Mining
Data to be mined
Relational, data warehouse, transactional, stream, objectoriented/relational, active, spatial, time-series, text, multi-media, heterogeneous, legacy, WWW Characterization, discrimination, association, classification, clustering, trend/deviation, outlier analysis, etc. Multiple/integrated functions and mining at multiple levels Database-oriented, data warehouse (OLAP), machine learning, statistics, visualization, etc. Retail, telecommunication, banking, fraud analysis, bio-data mining, stock market analysis, text mining, Web mining, etc.
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
Knowledge to be mined
Techniques utilized
Applications adapted
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Data Mining: Classification Schemes
General functionality
Descriptive data mining
Predictive data mining Data view: Kinds of data to be mined Knowledge view: Kinds of knowledge to be discovered
Different views lead to different classifications
Method view: Kinds of techniques utilized
Application view: Kinds of applications adapted
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Data Mining: On What Kinds of Data?
Database-oriented data sets and applications
Relational database, data warehouse, transactional database Data streams and sensor data Time-series data, temporal data, sequence data (incl. bio-sequences) Structure data, graphs, social networks and multi-linked data Object-relational databases Heterogeneous databases and legacy databases Spatial data and spatiotemporal data Multimedia database Text databases The World-Wide Web
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
Advanced data sets and advanced applications
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Data Mining Functionalities
Multidimensional concept description: Characterization and discrimination
Generalize, summarize, and contrast data characteristics, e.g., dry vs. wet regions Diaper Beer [0.5%, 75%] (Correlation or causality?) Construct models (functions) that describe and distinguish classes or concepts for future prediction
Frequent patterns, association, correlation vs. causality
Classification and prediction
E.g., classify countries based on (climate), or classify cars based on (gas mileage)
Predict some unknown or missing numerical values
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Data Mining Functionalities (2)
Cluster analysis (Labeling) Class label is unknown: Group data to form new classes, e.g., cluster houses to find distribution patterns Maximizing intra-class similarity & minimizing interclass similarity Outlier analysis (Behavior) Outlier: Data object that does not comply with the general behavior of the data Noise or exception? Useful in fraud detection, rare events analysis Trend and evolution analysis (Analysis) Trend and deviation: e.g., regression analysis Sequential pattern mining: e.g., digital camera large SD memory Periodicity analysis Similarity-based analysis Other pattern-directed or statistical analyses
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Are All the Discovered Patterns Interesting?
Data mining may generate thousands of patterns: Not all of them are interesting
Suggested approach: Human-centered, query-based, focused mining
Interestingness measures
A pattern is interesting if it is easily understood by humans, valid on new
or test data with some degree of certainty, potentially useful, novel, or
validates some hypothesis that a user seeks to confirm
Objective vs. subjective interestingness measures
Objective: based on statistics and structures of patterns, e.g., support, confidence, etc. Subjective: based on users belief in the data, e.g., unexpectedness, novelty, actionability, etc.
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Find All and Only Interesting Patterns?
Find all the interesting patterns: Completeness
Can a data mining system find all the interesting patterns? Do we need to find all of the interesting patterns? Heuristic vs. exhaustive search Association vs. classification vs. clustering Can a data mining system find only the interesting patterns? Approaches
Search for only interesting patterns: An optimization problem
First general all the patterns and then filter out the uninteresting ones Generate only the interesting patternsmining query optimization
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Other Pattern Mining Issues
Precise patterns vs. approximate patterns
Association and correlation mining: possible find sets of precise patterns
But approximate patterns can be more compact and sufficient How to find high quality approximate patterns?? How to derive efficient approximate pattern mining algorithms??
Gene sequence mining: approximate patterns are inherent
Constrained vs. non-constrained patterns
Why constraint-based mining? What are the possible kinds of constraints? How to push constraints into the mining process?
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Examples of abstraction of phenomena
350,000
No. of houses
200000 150000 100000 50000 0
Loan t o propert y sect or (RM million) Demand f or shop shouses (unit s) Supply of shop houses (unit s) 71719 85534 73892 85821 85843 90366 95916 101508 101107 111952 117857 125334 134864 143530 86323 154179
300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000
1 32635.8 2 38100.6 3 42468.1 4 47684.7 5 48408.2 6 61433.6 7 77255.7 8 97810.1
1991 2000
Year (1990 - 1997) Trends in property loan, shop house dem and & supply
200
14 12
Price (RM/sq. ft of built area)
180
Proportion (%)
10 8 6 4 2 0
160
140
120
100
04
10 -1 4
20 -2 4
30 -3 4
40 -4 4
50 -5 4
60 -6 4
70 -7 4
80 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Age Category (Years Old)
Demand (% sales success)
Ba tu J o Pa ho h a rB t ah r Kl u Ko ua ta ng Ti n M ggi er si ng M u Po ar n Se tian ga m at
District
Why Data Mining Query Language?
Automated vs. query-driven?
Finding all the patterns autonomously in a database?unrealistic because the patterns could be too many but uninteresting User directs what to be mined
Data mining should be an interactive process
Users must be provided with a set of primitives to be used to communicate with the data mining system
Incorporating these primitives in a data mining query language
More flexible user interaction Foundation for design of graphical user interface Standardization of data mining industry and practice
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Primitives that Define a Data Mining Task
Task-relevant data Type of knowledge to be mined Background knowledge Pattern interestingness measurements Visualization/presentation of discovered patterns
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Primitive 1: Task-Relevant Data
Database or data warehouse name Database tables or data warehouse cubes Condition for data selection Relevant attributes or dimensions
Data grouping criteria
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Primitive 2: Types of Knowledge to Be Mined
Characterization
Discrimination
Association Classification/prediction Clustering Outlier analysis
Other data mining tasks
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Primitive 3: Background Knowledge
A typical kind of background knowledge: Concept hierarchies Schema hierarchy
E.g., street < city < province_or_state < country E.g., {20-39} = young, {40-59} = middle_aged email address: [email protected] login-name < department < university < country
Set-grouping hierarchy
Operation-derived hierarchy
Rule-based hierarchy
low_profit_margin (X) <= price(X, P1) and cost (X, P2) and (P1 P2) < $50
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Primitive 4: Pattern Interestingness Measure
Simplicity e.g., (association) rule length, (decision) tree size
Certainty
e.g., confidence, P(A|B) = #(A and B)/ #(B), classification reliability or accuracy, certainty factor, rule strength, rule quality, discriminating weight, etc.
Utility potential usefulness, e.g., support (association), noise threshold (description)
Novelty
not previously known, surprising (used to remove redundant rules, e.g., Illinois vs. Champaign rule implication support ratio)
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Primitive 5: Presentation of Discovered Patterns
Different backgrounds/usages may require different forms of representation
E.g., rules, tables, crosstabs, pie/bar chart, etc.
Concept hierarchy is also important
Discovered knowledge might be more understandable when represented at high level of abstraction Interactive drill up/down, pivoting, slicing and dicing provide different perspectives to data
Different kinds of knowledge require different representation: association, classification, clustering, etc.
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DMQLA Data Mining Query Language
Motivation
A DMQL can provide the ability to support ad-hoc and interactive data mining By providing a standardized language like SQL
Hope to achieve a similar effect like that SQL has on relational database Foundation for system development and evolution Facilitate information exchange, technology transfer, commercialization and wide acceptance
Design
DMQL is designed with the primitives described earlier
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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
An Example Query in DMQL
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Other Data Mining Languages & Standardization Efforts
Association rule language specifications
MSQL (Imielinski & Virmani99) MineRule (Meo Psaila and Ceri96) Query flocks based on Datalog syntax (Tsur et al98)
OLEDB for DM (Microsoft2000) and recently DMX (Microsoft SQLServer
2005)
Based on OLE, OLE DB, OLE DB for OLAP, C# Integrating DBMS, data warehouse and data mining
DMML (Data Mining Mark-up Language) by DMG (www.dmg.org)
Providing a platform and process structure for effective data mining Emphasizing on deploying data mining technology to solve business problems
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Integration of Data Mining and Data Warehousing
Data mining systems, DBMS, Data warehouse systems coupling
No coupling, loose-coupling, semi-tight-coupling, tight-coupling
On-line analytical mining data
integration of mining and OLAP technologies
Interactive mining multi-level knowledge
Necessity of mining knowledge and patterns at different levels of
abstraction by drilling/rolling, pivoting, slicing/dicing, etc.
Integration of multiple mining functions
Characterized classification, first clustering and then association
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Coupling Data Mining with DB/DW Systems
No couplingflat file processing, not recommended Loose coupling
Fetching data from DB/DW Provide efficient implement a few data mining primitives in a DB/DW system, e.g., sorting, indexing, aggregation, histogram analysis, multiway join, precomputation of some stat functions
Semi-tight couplingenhanced DM performance
Tight couplingA uniform information processing environment
DM is smoothly integrated into a DB/DW system, mining query is optimized based on mining query, indexing, query processing methods, etc.
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Architecture: Typical Data Mining System
Graphical User Interface Pattern Evaluation Data Mining Engine Database or Data Warehouse Server
data cleaning, integration, and selection Knowl edgeBase
Database
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Data World-Wide Other Info Repositories Warehouse Web
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Major Issues in Data Mining
Mining methodology
Mining different kinds of knowledge from diverse data types, e.g., bio, stream, Web Performance: efficiency, effectiveness, and scalability Pattern evaluation: the interestingness problem Incorporation of background knowledge Handling noise and incomplete data
Parallel, distributed and incremental mining methods
Integration of the discovered knowledge with existing one: knowledge fusion Data mining query languages and ad-hoc mining Expression and visualization of data mining results Interactive mining of knowledge at multiple levels of abstraction Domain-specific data mining & invisible data mining Protection of data security, integrity, and privacy
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
User interaction
Applications and social impacts
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Summary
Data mining: Discovering interesting patterns from large amounts of data A natural evolution of database technology, in great demand, with wide applications A KDD process includes data cleaning, data integration, data selection, transformation, data mining, pattern evaluation, and knowledge presentation Mining can be performed in a variety of information repositories Data mining functionalities: characterization, discrimination, association, classification, clustering, outlier and trend analysis, etc. Data mining systems and architectures Major issues in data mining
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Real Example from the NBA
Play-by-play information recorded by teams
Who is on the court Who shoots Results Plays that work well against a given team Good/bad player matchups
Coaches want to know what works best
Advanced Scout (from IBM Research) is a data mining tool to answer these questions
Starks+Houston+ Ward playing
Overall 0 20 40 60
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Shooting Percentage
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Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
Data MiningWhats in a Name?
Information Harvesting Data Mining Knowledge Discovery in Databases Data Pattern Processing Database Mining Siftware Knowledge Mining Data Dredging
Data Archaeology
Knowledge Extraction
The process of discovering meaningful new correlations, patterns, and trends by sifting through large amounts of stored data, using pattern recognition technologies and statistical and mathematical techniques
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Aircraft Accident Report
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This data mining effort is an extension of the FAA Office of System Safetys Flight Crew Accident and Incident Human Factors Project In this previous approach two database-specific human error models were developed based on general research into human factors
These error models check for certain values in specific fields Result
FAAs Pilot Deviation database (PDS) NTSBs accident and incident database
Flat example focus on Boeing Commercial Airplanes - 787
Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques
Classification of some accidents caused by human mistakes and slips.
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