Better Antimicrobial

Excellent Physical Properties Performance

Superior Installation Eco Friendly

UV Resistant Long Term Performance

Approved for Fire

Chlorine Resistant Sprinkler

Fire Resistant Quality Assured

 CPVC vs PPR Physical Properties
CPVC PPR

Tensile Strength 30
55
(Mpa at 23°C)

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 0.7 1.5

(x10-4 K-1)
Thermal Conductivity
0.14 0.22
(W/MK)
Oxygen Permeation <1
(cm³/m.day.atmosphere) at 70°C insignificant 13

CPVC: - Needs less hangers and supports

- No ‘looping’ of the pipe
-Higher pressure bearing capability, same flow rate with smaller
pipe size
 Pressure Ratings for CPVC SCH 80
ASTM-F441 , Schedule 80

Nominal Pipe @ 73°F/23°C @ 200°F/93°C

Size (inch) PSI (Bar) PSI (Bar)
1/2 850 (58.6) 170 (11.7)
3/4 690 (47.6) 138 (9.5)
1 630 (43.4) 126 (8.6)
11/4 520 (35.9) 104 (7.1)
11/2 470 (32.4) 94 (6.4)
2 400 (27.6) 80 (5.5)
 CPVC vs PPR Physical Properties

CPVC: - Straight professional appearance

- Need less hangers and supports
- Less looping
CPVC vs PPR Physical Properties

CPVC:
- Suitable for vertical risers
 CPVC vs PPR Physical Properties

PN20, 20mm
Wall thickness:
CPVC : 1.9 mm
PP: 3.4 mm

CPVC: : Has a higher pressure bearing capability.

This leads to same flow rate with smaller pipe size
 Installation Techniques
CPVC: Solvent Cement Mechanism

Plastic pipe and fittings are composed of large polymer molecules (illustrated by ).
Solvent cement is made by dissolving a polymer in a liquid. When solvent cement is
applied to the plastic part, the liquid penetrates the surface and softens the outer
layer of the plastic part. The polymer chains then interpenetrate with
one another to form a strong cohesive bond.
 Installation Techniques
CPVC: Solvent Welding Only tools required:
 Tools required are simple and cheap.

 Solvent welding process allows for fast

and easy assembly.

 Same procedure for CPVC as for PVC

 Chemically welded joints are the

strongest part of the system.

 No need for electrical source.

 Installation Techniques
CPVC: Solvent Welding

 Allow to expand freely or embed in

concrete. Concrete should be
homogeneous, without gravel or
stones which risk damaging the pipe.
 Do not embed demountable fittings.
 Pressure testing should be done
before concrete is poured.
CPVC pipe running through
concrete block
 Installation Techniques
PPR: Fusion Welding
 Need of expensive welding machine for
each worker on site.
 PPR needs more skilled labour.
 Labour intensive and difficult to install in
tight places
 Single welding machine can weld joints
up to 32mm only.
 Large pipe sizes require an even more
labour intensive process using specialized
and expensive equipment.
 Fusion welding tool heats up to 250°C,
posing a burn hazard and adds time to
installation process.
 Requires an electrical source.
Installation Techniques
PPR: Fusion Welding

Heat fusion leads to ‘bead formation’

internally and externally
• Increased friction loss at
every joint

• Reduced flow rate

• Ample opportunity for

bacterial growth
• Increased depositions of non
soluble
Installation Techniques
PPR : Fusion Welding

 Requires additional space to

perform, leading to a need to
pre-fabricate large frames for
subsequent fixing in the wall.

 Not convenient in congested

area.
 CPVC :
PPR :
- The main degradation process is
dehydrochlorination, not - U.V. acts as a strong catalyst for
the oxidation process which
oxidation.
- This dehydrochlorination, whilst breaks down polymer chain
leading to weakness in pipe and
slightly accelerated by U.V., does
loss of hydrostatic strength.
not break down the polymer
chains to any significant extent
after outdoor exposure, being
mainly limited to a surface

- There is a loss of impact

resistance due to impact
modifiers losing efficiency.
This may even result in increased modulus.
 CPVC study :
Natural Weathering Effects on some properties of CPVC mater
- Samples from locally manufactured CPVC commercial
pipes have been naturally weathered for different periods
in harsh Saudi weather conditions.
- Standard tensile and SEN fracture toughness tests were
performed after natural exposure periods of 1,2,3,6 and
9 months
The tensile test results showed that exposure for periods up to
months, including summer season, had limited effects on the
tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of the material.
The damage due to weathering is mainly a surface phenomenon
 Fire Related properties
CPVC PPR
Limiting Oxygen Index
(% of Oxygen needed in an 60 17
atmosphere to support
combustion)
Flash Ignition Temperature 480°C 340°C

Heat of combustion of PPR

Is about 3x more than CPVC
generating more heat and easy
burning

CPVC: -Low flame spread and smoke generation

- Self extinguishing
- No flaming drips
Fire Related properties
 CPVC / PPR and Chlorine
Polymer Chemistry : When chlorine is added to water for disinfection, it
transforms to hypochlorous acid.
Hypochlorous acid is a strong oxidizer which is capable of breaking the
carbon-to-carbon bonds of the polymer chain, effectively disintegrating it.

CPVC: PPR:
 The chlorine atoms  The hydrogen atoms surrounding
surrounding the carbon the carbon chain of polyolefins,
chain of CPVC, however, are such as PPR, PEX and
large atoms which protect polybutylene, are small atoms
the chain from attack by which are incapable of protecting
hypochlorous acid in the the chain from attack by
water. hypochlorous acid in the water.
CPVC / PPR and Chlorine
PPR testing
 Tested in general accordance with
PPR Manufacturer A NSF P-171 Protocol for Chlorine
Resistance of Plastic Piping Materials
and ASTM F-2023-04 Test Method
for Evaluating the Oxidative
Systems to Hot Chlorinated Water.
 Significant erosion of pipe wall after
testing (up to 50% after 7000 hrs)
using low water flowrate (~0.1
gpm).
 Similar phenomenon as in dip tubes.
PR Manufacturer B
CPVC / PPR and Chlorine

CPVC : Real Life testing

 CPVC plumbing pipe installed in

Baltimore, Mary land in 1960’s.

 No erosion of pipe wall after 23

years of installation.

 No decrease in long term

hydrostatic performance.
CPVC / PPR and Chlorine
 Clarity on VCM (Vinyl Chloride Monomer)
-VCM came under scrutiny in the 1970’s
-Since then VCM levels have been reduced by 99%, through use of new
manufacturing technology.

-VCM is strictly regulated and closely monitored and controlled, under USA state
and federal law.

-Transformed into PVC by polymerisation process – irreversible. The post-

chlorination of PVC to CPVC further reduces VCM levels by a factor of 300.

- Maximum VCM levels are now 2ppm, in PVC and CPVC, for potable water
applications. In fact VCM levels in CPVC are so low as to be undetectable (as found
by NSF).
 CPVC vs PPR: Antimicrobial Performance
″ In the presence of the
two CPVC materials, the
growth of Legionella
bacteria in the water was
low ″

Study: Biofilm Formation Potential of Pipe Materials in internal installations by

H.R. Veenendaal / D. van de Kooiy - KIWA - 1999
(KIWA is the approvals agency for potable water piping systems in The Netherlands)
 CPVC has obtained necessary approvals in Europe and USA

- CPVC has obtained FDA approval when applied for (not all grades applied for
due to cost of approval).

- CPVC has obtained potable water approval from all major European countries,
and from NSF in the USA.
 CPVC vs PPR: Repairs
CPVC : : PPR: :-
• On line repairs - punctures could • On line repairs - In case of
be repaired like a patch made punctures, one has to cut open a
from section of a pipe and solvent pipe line and repairs are done
cemented in situ without with the socket
dismantling the pipe • If any additional fitting of higher
• Similarly, if any additional fitting diameter needs to be added or
needs to be added or replaced, it replaced, the pipe line has to be
is easy. dismantled due to heavy tooling
• Training to plumbers : Lubrizol as needed for heat fusion, or one
raw material supplier and our has to use electro fusion fittings
FlowGuard licensees train the which are expensive
plumbers of PAK ARAB.
 CPVC vs PPR: Repairs

Perception of PPR in All Over Markets

• Joint blockages lead to heavy losses to

the builders as they had to cut open
tiles and walls to redo and correct the
piping.
• Repairs and reconnections very cumbersome
and time consuming.
 CPVC Solvent Cement does not pose any Health Hazards

Solvent Cementing is a very quick and easy process.

With adequate ventilation, the installer can use the solvent cement with no
risk of any health problems.

Solvent cementing also avoids the need for expensive machinery and an
electricity supply.
 Costing : PPR vs CPVC for Pakistan Market
Scenario 1 : 1000-1200 sqft Apt/ Townhouse. Total Pipe Length 80m
WITH 60/40 RATIO OF UPVC/CPVC
CPVC PIPES & FITTINGS (SCH 80) with UPVC/CPVC 60:40 UPVC & CPVC PIPES & FITTINGS (SCH 40 with
ratio) UPVC/CPVC 60:40 ratio)
PPR PN 20 PIPES & FITTINGS
1/2" CPVC 40% 1/2" CPVC 40% 25mm PPRC 40%
DESCRIPTION SIZE MRP UNIT QTY AMOUNT DESCRIPTION SIZE MRP UNIT QTY AMOUNT DESCRIPTION SIZE MRP UNIT QTY AMNT
PIPE Sch 80 1/2" 380 M 35 13300 PIPE Sch 40 1/2" 380 M 35 13300 Pipe PN 20 25mm 160 M 35 5600
SOCKET 1/2" 54 Ps 14 756 SOCKET 1/2" 54 Ps 14 756 SOCKET 25mm 23 Ps 14 322
ELBOW 90 1/2" 55 Ps 14 770 ELBOW 90 1/2" 55 Ps 14 770 ELBOW 90 25mm 34 Ps 14 476
B Male threaded Socket B Male threaded Socket
1/2" 160 Ps 12 1920 1/2" 160 Ps 12 1920 Brass MT Socket 25mm 298 Ps 12 3576
TEE 1/2" 80 Ps 12 960 TEE 1/2" 80 Ps 12 960 TEE 25mm 39 Ps 12 468
BRASS ELBOW 1/2" 195 Ps 21 4095 BRASS ELBOW 1/2" 195 Ps 21 4095 Brass Elbow 25mm 179 Ps 21 3759
3/4" UPVC 60% 3/4" UPVC 60% 32mm PPRC 60%
PIPE Sch 40 3/4" 166 M 45 7470 PIPE Sch 40 3/4" 166 M 45 7470 Pipe PN 20 32mm 273 M 45 12285
SOCKET 3/4" 14 Ps 18 252 SOCKET 3/4" 14 Ps 18 252 SOCKET 32mm 44 Ps 18 792
ELBOW 90 3/4" 18 Ps 18 324 ELBOW 90 3/4" 18 Ps 18 324 ELBOW 90 32mm 60 Ps 18 1080
B Male threaded Socket B Male threaded Socket
3/4" 120 Ps 15 1800 3/4" 120 Ps 15 1800 Brass MT Socket 32mm 534 Ps 15 8010
TEE 3/4" 27 Ps 15 405 TEE 3/4" 27 Ps 15 405 TEE 32mm 83 Ps 15 1245
BRASS ELBOW 3/4" 150 Ps 27 4050 BRASS ELBOW 3/4" 150 Ps 27 4050 Brass Elbow 32mm 546 Ps 27 14742
Labour 118ml Ps 1 10000 Labour 118ml Ps 1 10000 Labour 15000

Total 46102 Total 46102 Total 67355

50% Discounted Amt. 23051 60% Discounted Amt. 27661.2 43% Discounted Amt. 28962.65

NET material Cost to Customer 23051 NET material Cost to Customer 18440.8 NET material Cost to Customer 38392.35
 Scenario 2 : 1000-1200 sqft Apt/ Townhouse. Total Pipe Length 80m

WITH 50/50 RATIO OF UPVC/CPVC

UPV & CPVC PIPES & FITTINGS (SCH 80) 50/50 RATIO UPVC & CPVC PIPES & FITTINGS (SCH 40 with UPVC/CPVC 50:50 ratio) With PPR PN 20 (25 & 32mm) PIPES & FITTINGS

1/2" CPVC 50% 1/2" CPVC 50% 25mm PPRC 50%

DESCRIPTION SIZE MRP UNIT QTY AMOUNT DESCRIPTION SIZE MRP UNIT QTY AMOUNT DESCRIPTION SIZE MRP UNIT QTY AMNT

PIPE Sch 40 1/2" 380 M 40 15200 PIPE Sch 40 1/2" 380 M 40 15200 Pipe PN 20 25mm 160 M 40 6400

SOCKET 1/2" 54 Ps 14 756 SOCKET 1/2" 54 Ps 14 756 SOCKET 25mm 23 Ps 14 322

ELBOW 90 1/2" 55 Ps 14 770 ELBOW 90 1/2" 55 Ps 14 770 ELBOW 90 25mm 34 Ps 14 476

B Male threaded
B Male threaded Socket
1/2" 160 Ps 12 1920 Socket 1/2" 160 Ps 12 1920 Brass MT Socket 25mm 298 Ps 12 3576

TEE 1/2" 80 Ps 12 960 TEE 1/2" 80 Ps 12 960 TEE 25mm 39 Ps 12 468

BRASS ELBOW 1/2" 195 Ps 21 4095 BRASS ELBOW 1/2" 195 Ps 21 4095 Brass Elbow 25mm 179 Ps 21 3759

3/4" UPVC 50% 3/4" UPVC 50% 32mm PPRC 50%

PIPE Sch 40 3/4" 166 M 40 6640 PIPE Sch 40 3/4" 166 M 40 6640 Pipe PN 20 32mm 273 M 40 10920

SOCKET 3/4" 14 Ps 14 196 SOCKET 3/4" 14 Ps 14 196 SOCKET 32mm 44 Ps 14 616

ELBOW 90 3/4" 18 Ps 14 252 ELBOW 90 3/4" 18 Ps 14 252 ELBOW 90 32mm 60 Ps 14 840

B Male threaded
B Male threaded Socket
3/4" 120 Ps 12 1440 Socket 3/4" 120 Ps 12 1440 Brass MT Socket 32mm 534 Ps 12 6408

TEE 3/4" 27 Ps 12 324 TEE 3/4" 27 Ps 12 324 TEE 32mm 83 Ps 12 996

BRASS ELBOW 3/4" 150 Ps 21 3150 BRASS ELBOW 3/4" 150 Ps 21 3150 Brass Elbow 32mm 546 Ps 21 11466

Labour 10000 Labour 10000 Labour 15000

Total 45703 Total 45703 Total 61247

50% Discounted Amt. 22851.5 60% Discounted Amt. 27421.8 43% Discounted Amt. 26336.21

NET material Cost to Customer 22851.5 NET material Cost to Customer 18281.2 NET material Cost to Customer 34910.79
 Scenario 3 : 1000-1200 sqft Apt/ Townhouse. Total Pipe Length 80m

With 100% CPVC`

CPVC PIPES & FITTINGS (SCH 80) 100% CPVC CPVC PIPES & FITTINGS (SCH 40 100% CPVC )
PPR PN 20 PIPES & FITTINGS
1/2" CPVC 50% 1/2" CPVC 25mm PPRC 50%
DESCRIPTION SIZE MRP UNIT QTY AMOUNT DESCRIPTION SIZE MRP UNIT QTY AMOUNT DESCRIPTION SIZE MRP UNIT QTY AMNT
PIPE Sch 40 1/2" 380 M 40 15200 PIPE Sch 40 1/2" 380 M 40 15200 Pipe PN 20 25mm 160 M 40 6400
SOCKET 1/2" 54 Ps 14 756 SOCKET 1/2" 54 Ps 14 756 SOCKET 25mm 23 Ps 14 322
ELBOW 90 1/2" 55 Ps 14 770 ELBOW 90 1/2" 55 Ps 14 770 ELBOW 90 25mm 34 Ps 14 476
B Male threaded
B Male threaded Socket
1/2" 160 Ps 12 1920 Socket 1/2" 160 Ps 12 1920 Brass MT Socket 25mm 298 Ps 12 3576
TEE 1/2" 80 Ps 12 960 TEE 1/2" 80 Ps 12 960 TEE 25mm 39 Ps 12 468
BRASS ELBOW 1/2" 195 Ps 21 4095 BRASS ELBOW 1/2" 195 Ps 21 4095 Brass Elbow 25mm 179 Ps 21 3759
3/4” CPVC 50% 3/4" CPVC 32mm PPRC 50%
PIPE Sch 40 3/4" 500 M 40 20000 PIPE Sch 40 3/4" 500 M 40 20000 Pipe PN 20 32mm 273 M 40 10920
SOCKET 3/4" 70 Ps 14 980 SOCKET 3/4" 70 Ps 14 980 SOCKET 32mm 44 Ps 14 616
ELBOW 90 3/4" 82 Ps 14 1148 ELBOW 90 3/4" 82 Ps 14 1148 ELBOW 90 32mm 60 Ps 14 840
B Male threaded
B Male threaded Socket
3/4" 180 Ps 12 2160 Socket 3/4" 180 Ps 12 2160 Brass MT Socket 32mm 534 Ps 12 6408
TEE 3/4" 115 Ps 12 1380 TEE 3/4" 115 Ps 12 1380 TEE 32mm 83 Ps 12 996
BRASS ELBOW 3/4" 440 Ps 21 9240 BRASS ELBOW 3/4" 440 Ps 21 9240 Brass Elbow 32mm 546 Ps 21 11466
Labour 10000 Labour 10000 Labour 15000

Total 68609 Total 68609 Total 61247

50% Discounted Amt. 34304.5 60% Discounted Amt. 41165.4 43% Discounted Amt. 26336.21

NET material Cost to Customer 34304.5 NET material Cost to Customer 27443.6 NET material Cost to Customer 34910.79
 Common Malpractices and Misconceptions about CPVC in Pakistan
Common Misconceptions about CPVC in Pakistan

• Myth : CPVC Pipes / Fittings are hazardous to human health as they emit chlorine gas when subjected to hot water
applications

• Fact : In reality CPVC pipes have no adverse effects on human health and are infact approved for food and
pharma applications globally. These pipes prevent fungal / bacteria growth and it is one of the prime reasons for its
extensive use in the west. Moreover there is absolutely no emission of chlorine gas once the pipe has been
produced off the extrusion line.

• Myth : CPVC Pipes / Fittings are not as cost effective as other alternate systems such as PPR.

• Fact : As illustrated by the cost modeling, not only is CPVC more cost effective ft to ft as compared to alternate
PPR systems, it saves 40-50% on labour costs even by conservative estimates. Not to mention the energy costs/
fuel/ wiring involved with PPR jointing machines.

• Myth : CPVC Pipes / Fittings exhibit a high frequency of joint failures causing leaks in the system.

• Fact : If proper installation guidelines and processes are followed, with a reputable and authentic primer/ solvent
cement combination the chemical fusion joint is as effective as any other heat fusion joint and will exhibit the same
life span. In Pakistan, a false reputation of CPVC Pipes / Fittings has been created due to serious malpractices of
most plumbers who are either not keen to follow the recommended guidelines set by the Pipe manufacturers or
suffer from a lack of basic technical plumbing education specifically with respect to CPVC applications. In turn
when a leakage occurs, most people blame the pipe or the fitting, whereas in all the cases investigated for the
purpose of this study, the joint failure was a result of improper installation.
 Common Malpractices and Misconceptions about CPVC in Pakistan
Common Malpractices in the Industry specifically with respect to CPVC

• It is a common malpractice in Pakistan to use a hack saw for cutting smaller diameter pipes ( of less than 2”) whereas
globally it is recommended that a dedicated uPVC/ CPVC pipe cutter should be used to ensure a smooth and square
cut for pipes of 2” or less. Moreover the use of a Miter box is virtually non-existent as far as pipe cutting in domestic
usage is concerned. A smooth and square cut is essential to the creation of a water tight and reliable connection.

• Another extremely serious malpractice is that virtually no deburring is carried out around the outer edge of the pipe.
Any burrs around the edges can cause eventual leaks at the fitting.
A dedicated deburring tool or fine grit sandpaper can be used

• When installation of piping systems is carried out, it has been observed that even the most experienced of plumbers
usually refrains from applying any primer to either the fitting or the pipe and applied the cement directly. The primer is a
critical component of the uPVC/ CPVC joint mechanism as it softens the plastic and prepares it for the joining process,
ensuring proper adhesion of the cement solvent.

• Selection of the proper type of cement is extremely critical to the jointing process. Any sub-standard or improper
solvent will lead to improper fusion resulting in failure. Once cementing has been properly applied, it is important to
turn the pipe about a quarter to half a turn while it is being inserted. The joint should then be held for atleast 30
seconds to prevent the pipe from creeping out of the fitting.

• Another common malpractice is to expose the joint to water before completion of the mandatory curing period (1-2
hour depending on size of the pipe / fitting). This seriously limits the life span of the joint, thus resulting in premature
failures.