Module 1

Explaining Network Topologies

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Learning Objectives
• Explain network types and characteristics.
• Compare and contrast OSI model layers.
• Configure SOHO networks.
• Explain CompTIA’s troubleshooting methodology.

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Lesson 1.1
Networking Overview

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Think About It
How would you define your social network?

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How are Personal and IT Networks Similar?

Social Network IT Network

A collection of computers and
A collection of friends, family,
other devices connected by
coworkers, and acquaintances
transmission medium

Provides emotional support,

Provides an opportunity for
advice, and opportunities in
shared resources
personal matters

Helps in communication, Helps with communication

information sharing, and and information sharing in a
social connections digital environment

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Networks

Peer-to-Peer Client-Server
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Local Area Networks
A local area network (LAN) is confined to a single
geographical location.

SOHO Enterprise LAN Datacenter

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Activity: Quick Search

Point-to-Point
Star Topology
Topology

Mesh Topology

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Network Topologies: Point-to-Point

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 Network Topologies: Star

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Network Topologies: Mesh

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Lesson Summary
• Network: Connected devices sharing data (computers, protocols,
transmission medium)
• Client-Server Network: Central server provides resources and services
to client devices
• Local Area Network (LAN): Connects devices within a limited area
(home, office)
• Network Topology: Layout of connections between network devices
(star, mesh, point-to-point)

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Lesson 1.2
OSI Model Concepts

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The OSI Model Packet Flow

7 Application 1 Physical
Sender Receiver
6 Presentation 2 Data Link

5 Session 3 Network

4 Transport 4 Transport

3 Network 5 Session

2 Data Link 6 Presentation

1 Physical 7 Application
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The OSI Model Mnemonic

Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away

P D N T S P A

Physical Data Link Network Transport Session Presentation Application

Responsibility of the Network
7 Application

6 Presentation

5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network
Responsibility
2 Data Link
of the
Network 1 Physical

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Layer 1 – Physical
7 Application Functions and Examples
6 • Transmit bits from sending source over network
Presentation communications to physical layer of receiving device
• Data transmitted using cables or wireless media
5 Session • Examples: Coax and fiber cables, hubs and repeaters,
modem, transceiver
4 Transport

3 Network

2 Data Link
Bit Stream
Sender Receiver
1 Physical

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Layer 2 – Data Link

7 Application Functions and Examples

6 • Transfers data between nodes on the same logical
Presentation segment using hardware addresses
• Encapsulation: organizes stream of bits arriving
5 Session
from the Physical layer into frames
• Examples: NIC, bridge, switch, wireless access point
4 Transport

3 Network
G1 Host AA
2 Data Link
G2 Host AB
1 Physical
G3 Host AC
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Layer 3 – Network
Functions and Examples
7 Application
• Moving data around a network of networks
6
using network and host IDs
Presentation
• Packets given a destination IP address and
5 Session forwarded to the destination network
• Examples: Router, IP, ACL, Basic Firewall
4 Transport

3 Network Network 9

2 Data Link Router A Router B:

1.254 2.254
1 Physical Network 1 Network 1
(Hosts 1.1, 1.2, 1.3) (Hosts 2.1, 2.2, 2.3)
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Responsibility of Host
7 Application

Responsibility 6 Presentation

of the Host 5 Session

4 Transport

3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical

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Layer 4 - Transport

7 Application Functions and Examples

6 Presentation • Tracks communication between applications on

source and destination hosts
5 Session • Segments data and manages each data piece
• Reassembles segments into application data
4 Transport • Examples: Multilayer switches, advanced
firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDSs)
3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical

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Layer 4 – Transport

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Layer 5 - Session

7 Application
Functions and Examples
6
Presentation • Establishes and manages the
5 Session connections between applications
• Examples: ASP, ADSP, NetBIOS, PAP
4 Transport

3 Network
Authentication
Request
2 Data Link
Session Established
1 Physical Respond

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Layer 6 - Presentation
Functions and Examples
7 Application
• Delivers data across network
6 connections
Presentation • Examples: MIME,
5 Session Encryption/Decryption Services

4 Transport
Application Layer Data Application Layer Data
3 Network
Presentation Layer
Presentation Layer
2 Data Link Decrypted, Decoded, and
Encrypted, Encoded, Compressed
Decompressed

1 Physical Session Layer Data Session Layer Data

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Layer 7 - Application
Functions and Examples
7 Application
• Interacts directly with end-user’s
6
Presentation software applications for network
5 Session
service
• Examples: SMTP, DNS, FTP
4 Transport

3 Network

2 Data Link
Human Machine
1 Physical Readable Readable
25

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Activity: Unscramble the OSI Model

Network Session
Data Link
n
catio
Appli Transp
ort

Physical Presentation

Physical Data Link Network Transport Session Presentation Application

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Lesson 1.3
SOHO Networks

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 Think About It
What is a SOHO router?
And what is it used for?

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 SOHO Router – Physical Layer

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SOHO Router – Data Link Layer
• Ethernet switch
• Wireless access point
• Each host interface
identified by a MAC
address

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SOHO Router – Network Layer
• Forwards between local
private network and
public internet
• Runs a DHCP server to
provide each host with
an IP address
• Router’s WAN interface
given a public IP address

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SOHO Router – Transport and
Application
Application Layer
Request and
Response

Transport Transport
Layer Layer
Segmentation Reassembly

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SOHO Router – The Internet
• WAN: SOHO connection to
Internet
• Public switched telephone
network (PSTN)
• High-bandwidth trunks
connecting IXPs
• ISP links between networks in
IXP datacenter

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Binary Numbers – Base 10

Ten- One- Hundred- Ten- One- Hundreds Tens Ones

millions millions thousands thousands thousands

Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit Digit

x 10,000,000 x 1,000,000 x x x x x x
100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1

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Binary Numbers – Base 10

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Digit x 128 Digit x 64 Digit x 32 Digit x 16 Digit x 8 Digit x 4 Digit x 2 Digit x 1

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Binary Conversion

Let's look at how to convert 205 into binary.

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Digit x 128 Digit x 64 Digit x 32 Digit x 16 Digit x 8 Digit x 4 Digit x 2 Digit x 1

1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

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Activity: Binary Conversion

Convert 132 into binary.

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Digit x 128 Digit x 64 Digit x 32 Digit x 16 Digit x 8 Digit x 4 Digit x 2 Digit x 1

1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

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Lesson 1.4
Troubleshooting Methodology

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Discussion: Think About It

What is troubleshooting?
What steps should be
involved in the
troubleshooting process?

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Troubleshooting Methodology

Document
Establish a Test the
Identify Establish a Implement findings,
theory of theory to Verify the
the plan of the actions,
probable determine solution
problem action solution and
cause cause
outcomes

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Identify the Problem
Gather information

• System documentation
• Installation and maintenance logs
• Vendor support sites

Question users

• Open questions to
uncover information
• Closed question to invite a
yes or no or fixed response

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Identify Problem Symptoms
Identify symptoms

• Physical inspection
• Logs and diagnostic software
• Try to duplicate the problem

Determine if anything has changed

• Did it ever work?

• What has changed since it was last working?

Approach problems individually

• Verify symptoms are related before

treating them as one single issue

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Establish a Theory of Probable Cause

Troubleshooting styles

• Question the obvious

• Methodically prove the
functionality of each
component

OSI Model Approach

• Top-down approach
• Bottom-up approach

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Test the Theory to Determine the Cause
Question the obvious

• Use one or more method-based approaches

• Don’t jump to conclusions

Escalation

• Problem is beyond your knowledge or ability

• Problem falls under a system warranty
• Scope of the problem is very large
• Customer is difficult or abusive

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Implement, Verify, and Document
Implement changes

• Implement fixes
• Escalate if higher authorization is needed

Verify the solution

• Make sure the system seems to work for you

• Make sure the system seems to work for customer

Document

• Document findings, actions, and outcomes

• Logs are useful for future troubleshooting

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Activity: Troubleshooting
Several office employees report their
computers are unable to connect to the
Internet, affecting workflow and productivity.

Document
Establish a Test the
Identify Establish a Implement findings,
theory of theory to Verify the
the plan of the actions,
probable determine solution
problem action solution and
cause cause
outcomes

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Summary
• Remember OSI model’s 7 layers (physical, data link, network, transport,
session, presentation, and application)
• Plan network structure and troubleshoot issues using OSI model layers
• Implement methodical approach to troubleshooting (identification,
planning, execution, verification, and documentation)
• Use strategies like top-to-bottom, bottom-to-top, and divide-and-
conquer
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