Tutorial Class 1, 31/10/2024

Q1. Express each value in exponential form. Where appropriate, include units in the answers.
(a) Solar radiation received by Earth: 173 thousand trillion watts.
(b) Average human cell diameter: 1 ten-millionth of a meter.
(c) The distance between the centers of the atoms in silver metal: 142 trillionths of a meter.

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 Numbers written in scientific
Solution for Q1: notation have two parts: m × 10n
• The decimal part (m)
(a) 173 thousand trillion watts 173,000,000,000,000,000 W • The exponential part (10n)
=
= 1.73 x 1017 W

exponential form 173 x 1015 Wrong!!

(b) 1 ten-millionth of a meter

1 ten-millionth of a meter 1 / 10,000,000 = 1 x 10-7 m
= m

(c) 142 trillionths of a meter

142 trillionths of a meter 142 / 1,000,000,000,000 m= 142 x 10-12
= = 1.42 x 10-10 m

(d) = 1.67 1.7 (2 sig. fig.)

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Q2. In a user’s manual accompanying an American-made automobile, a typical gauge
pressure for optimal performance of automobile tires is 32 lb/in2. What is this pressure in
grams per square centimeter and kilograms per square meter?
g/cm2 kg/m2

1 in = 2.54 cm; 1 lb = 453.6 g; 1 cm = 10-2 m; 1 g = 10-3 kg

 Pressure = 32 lb/in2 = 32 = 2249.86 g/cm2 = 2.2 103 g/cm2

 Pressure = 2.2 103 g/cm2 = 2.2 103 = 2.2 104 kg/m2

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Q3. The absolute zero of temperature is -273.15 °C.
Should it be possible to achieve a temperature of -465 °F? Explain.

First, we convert -273.15 oC to Fahrenheit according to the equation.

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5 (-273.15) + 32 = -459.67 oF

Therefore, absolute zero is -459.67 oF and so it is not possible to reach -465 oF.

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Q4. The following densities are given at 20 oC:
water, 0.998 g/cm3; iron, 7.86 g/cm3; aluminium, 2.70 g/cm3.
Arrange the following items in terms of increasing mass.
a) A rectangular bar of iron, 81.5 cm x 2.1 cm x 1.6 cm Mass = Density x
b) A sheet of aluminium foil, 12.12 m x 3.62m x 0.003 cmVvolume
c) 4.051 L of water
We start by determining the mass of each item.
= 2.2
(a) mass of iron bar = (81.5 cm x 2.1 cm x 1.6 cm) x 7.86 g/cm3 x 103 g iron
Volume: L*W*H density

(b) mass of Al foil = (1212 cm x 362 cm x 0.003 cm) x 2.70 g/cm

= 34 x 103 g Al
Volume: L*W*H density
SI units
(c) mass of water = 4.051 L x 1000 cm3 / L x = 4.04 x 103 g water
0.998 g/cm3
Volume density

In order of increasing mass, the items are: iron bar < aluminum foil <
water. 5
Q5. Blood alcohol content (BAC) is sometimes reported in weight-volume percent and, when it is, a BAC of 0.10
% corresponds to 0.10 g ethyl alcohol (ethanol) per 100 mL of blood. In many jurisdictions, a person is
considered legally intoxicated if his/her BAC is 0.10 %. Suppose that a 68 kg person has a total blood volume of
5.4 L and breaks down ethyl alcohol at a rate of 10.0 grams per hour.
How many 145 mL glasses of wine, consumed over three hours, will produce a BAC of 0.10% in this 68 kg
person? Assume the wine has density of 1.01 g/mL and is 11.5% ethyl alcohol by mass.

To reach a BAC level of 0.10 % (0.10 g / 100 mL), the required alcohol by mass in 5.4 L of blood is:
= 5400 mL x (0.10 g / 100 mL) = 5.4 g of alcohol in blood
In three hours, this person can break down 30.0 g of alcohol (10.0 g/h x 3 h). So, initially he had alcohol in the body:
= 30.0 + 5.4 = 35.4 g of alcohol
If the wine is 11.5% alcohol by mass, the total mass of the wine he drunk is:
= 35.4 / 11.5% = 307.826 g of wine
This is equivalent to a volume of (mass/density = volume):
307.826 g / 1.01 g mL-1 = 304.778 mL of wine
As each glass of wine is 145 mL:
304.778 mL / 145 ml per bottle = 2.1 glass of wine
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Q6. All of the following minerals are semiprecious or precious stones. Determine the mass percent
of the indicated element.
Molar mass: the mass of one mole of compound

(a) Zr in zircon, ZrSiO4

Molar mass of ZrSiO4 = 91.224 g/mol + 28.085 g/mol + 4 15.999 g/mol = 183.305 g/mol

(b) Be in beryl (emerald), Be3Al2Si6O18 ,

Be% =
(c) Fe in almandine (garnet), Fe3Al2Si3O12
Fe% = 3 g/mol 497.742 g/mol 100% = 33.659%
(d) S in lazurite (lapis lazuli),Na4SSi3Al3O12
S% = 1 g/mol 481.21 g/mol 100% = 6.662%

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Q7. The organic solvent thiophene is a carbon-hydrogen-sulphur compound that yields CO 2, H2O and
SO2 when burned in an excess of oxygen. When subjected to combustion analysis, a 1.3020 g sample
of thiophene produces 2.7224 g CO2, 0.5575 g H2O, and 0.9915 g SO2. What is the empirical formula
of thiophene?
Conservation of Mass
1.3020 g Thiophene  2.7224 g CO2, 0.5575 g H2O, and 0.9915 g SO2
Thiophene
We need calculate the molar mass of CO2, H2O, and SO2
2.7224 g
Number of mole of C = 44.010 g mol -1
= 0.061859 mol
0.5575 𝑔
Number of mole of H = x 2 = 0.06189 mol
0.9915 𝑔
18.0153 g mol -1

Number of mole of S = = 0.01548 mol

64.0648 g mol -1

C : H : S = 0.061859 : 0.06189 : 0.01548 = 3.996 : 3.999 : 1 = 4: 4: 1

According to the mole ratio of each element, the empirical formula comes to be: C4H4S1 (or C4H4S).

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Q8. An 8.129 g sample of MgSO4. xH2O is heated until all the water of hydration is driven off.
The resulting anhydrous compound, MgSO4, weighs 3.967 g. What is the formula of the
hydrate?
Conservation of Mass

Initial mass of sample = 8.129 g

Mass of anhydrous compound = 3.967 g
Mass of water = 8.129 – 3.967 =4.162 g
Moles of H2O = 4.162g ÷ 18.0153 g mol-1 = 0.2310 mol

Molar mass of MgSO4 = 120.37 g mol-1

Moles of anhydrous compound = 3.967 g ÷ 120.37 g mol-1 = 0.03296 mol
Setting up proportions
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑂
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
= = 7
𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.2310
0.03296 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Thus, the formula of the hydrate is MgSO4 . 7H2O.

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Q9. Write the condensed structural formulas for the organic compounds:
(a) Heptane
(b) Propanoic acid
(c) 2-methyl-1-pentanol
(d) Fluoroethane
You may search for the answers from many resources, such as google

(a) Heptane
CH3(CH2)5CH3
(b) Propanoic acid
CH3CH2COOH

(c) 2-methyl-1-pentanol CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2OH

(d) Fluoroethane CH3CH2F

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Q10. Malachite is a common copper-containing mineral with the formula CuCO3.Cu(OH)2.
(a) What is the mass percent of copper in malachite?
(b) When malachite is strongly heated, carbon dioxide and water are driven off, yielding copper (II) oxide
as the sole product. What mass of copper (II) oxide is produced per kg of malachite?

(a) Based on this composition, molar mass of malachite is calculated to be 221.18 g/mol.
Since there are two moles of Cu per mole of malachite, the % mass of Cu is:

(63.546 g/mol x 2) / 221.18 g/mol x 100% = 57.46%

(b) The formula of copper (II) oxide is CuO. Therefore, for one mole of malachite, there are two moles of CuO.

CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 2CuO + CO2 + H2O

1000 g ?? g
?? mole ?? mole
No. of moles of malachite = 1000 g ÷ 221.18 g/mol = 4.521 mol
Molar mass of CuO = 79.545 g/mol
Mass of CuO: (4.521 mol x 2) x 79.545 g/mol = 719.5 g

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