BIO 101: Cell structure,

Organization, Organelles and

functions

BY

Dr PAUL, Simon
BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE CELL
 Introduction to Cells
Cells are the basic units of
organisms
They can only be observed under
microscope
Basic types of cells:

Bacterial
Animal Cell Plant Cell Cell
3
be:
• Unicellular
Number
– of Cells
composed of one
cell
• Multicellular-
composed of many
cells that may
organize into
tissues, tissues into
organs and organs
into system…
organism 4
Cells May be Prokaryotic or
Eukaryotic
 Prokaryotes include bacteria
& lack a nucleus or membrane-
bound structures called
organelles
Eukaryotes include most other
cells & have a nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles
(plants, fungi, & animals)
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 Prokaryotes
Nucleoid region
contains the DNA
•It also contain Cell
membrane & cell
wall
• Contain ribosomes
(no membrane) to
make proteins in
their cytoplasm

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 Eukaryotic Cell

Contain 3 basic
cell structures:
• Nucleus
• Cell Membrane
• Cytoplasm with
organelles

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Two Main Types of
Eukaryotic Cells

Animal
Plant Cell Cell
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 Organelle
s
Very small size Structures.
They are found in the cell cytoplasm.
Can only be observed under a
microscope, under high
magnification
They have specific functions
Found throughout cytoplasm
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 Organelles Found in Cells
Examples of Organelles include:
Endoplasmic reticulum (rough &
smooth) – canals for movement
Golgi Bodies – wrap & export
proteins
Nucleolus – makes ribosomes
Lysosomes – digests & gets rid of
wastes
Ribosomes – makes proteins
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 Golgi Bodies

• Stacks of flattened
sacs
• Have a shipping
side & a receiving
side
• Receive & modify
proteins made by
ER
• Transport vesicles Transpo
with modified rt
proteins pinch off vesicle
the ends ER = Endoplasmic reticulum 11
Lysosome
• Contain digestive
enzymes
• Break down food
and worn out cell
parts for cells
• Programmed for cell
death (lyse &
release enzymes to
break down &
recycle cell parts)

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 Nucleolus

• Cell may have 1 to 3

nucleoli inside
nucleus

• Disappears when cell

divides

• Makes ribosomes that

make proteins

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Smooth & Rough
Endoplasmic
Smooth ER Reticulum
lacks
ribosomes &
makes proteins
USED In the
cell
Rough ER has
ribosomes on
its surface &
makes proteins
to EXPORT
ER = Endoplasmic Reticulum 14
Cell Powerhouse

Mitochondrion
( mitochondri
a )Rod shape.
Site of Cellular
respiration

Carry out energy production for sustenance of

the cell 15
 Surrounding the Cell

Cell
membrane
Lies immediately
against the cell
wall in plant cells
Made of protein
and
phospholipids
Selectively 16
 Cell or Plasma Membrane

Cell
membrane
Living layer.
Controls the
movement of
materials into and
out of the cell.
Selectively
permeable 17
 Cytoplasm of a Cell

Cytoplas
m substance
Jelly-like
enclosed by cell
membrane
Provides a medium
for chemical
reactions to take
place
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 More on Cytoplasm

Cytoplas
m
Contains organelles
to carry out
specific jobs
Examples:
chloroplast &
mitochondrion
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 Control Organelle

Nucleu
s
Controls the normal

activities of the cell.

Contain the DNA.
Bounded by a
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 More on the
Nucleus

Nucleu
Each cell
s has fixed

number of
chromosomes that
carry genes.
Genes control cell 21
 Plant Cell Organelles

Chloropla
Contain the green
st
pigment chlorophyll.
Traps sunlight to make
sugars (food).
By the Process called
photosynthesis.
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 Plant Cell

Cell
wall
It is a Dead layer.
Large empty spaces
present between
cellulose fibers.
Freely permeable.

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 Plant Cell

Cell wall
It is made of
cellulose which
forms very thin
fibers.
Strong and rigid.
Found in plant
cells.
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 Plant Cell

Cell wall
It protect and support
the enclosed
substances
(protoplasm).
Resist entry of excess
water into the cell.
Give shape to the cell.
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 Plant Cell Organelles
Vacuole
Have a large central
vacuole.
Surrounded by tonoplast.
Contains cell sap
Sugars, proteins,
minerals, wastes, &
pigments
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Different kinds of plant cells

Onion Epidermal Cells Guard Cells

root hair

Root Hair Cell

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vacuol
e
cytoplas
m
Animal cell

It has no cell wall

or chloroplast
nucleu It Stores glycogen
s
in the cytoplasm
mitochondrion for food energy

cell
glycoge membra
n ne 28
 Animal Cell Organelles

• Near the nucleus

• Paired structures
• Help cell divide 29
Different kinds of animal cells

white blood cell

Amoeba

red blood cell

muscle cell
sperm
cheek cells
nerve cell
Paramecium 30
Similarities between plant cells
and animal cells

Both have a cell membrane

surrounding the cytoplasm

Both have a nucleus

Both contain mitochondria

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Differences between plant cells
and animal cells
Animal cells Plant cells

Relatively Relatively
smaller in larger in size
size
Irregular Regular
shape shape
No cell wall Cell wall
present
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Differences between Plant Cells
and Animal Cells
Animal cells Plant cells
Vacuole small or Large central
absent vacuole
Glycogen as food Starch as food
storage storage
Nucleus at the Nucleus near
center cell wall 33