University of Dar es

Salaam
CS 258/ IS158: Computer
Hardware & Maintenance

Lecture 2-Unit 2:Processors

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What is a Processor?

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 Introduction
 The processor is defined as a logic circuit or simple
chip which reacts to fundamental instructions and
input processes to operate the computer.

 The processor is termed as the brain of any

electronic systems that incorporate into a laptop,
computers, smartphones, and embedded systems,
etc.

 This processor interacts with the neighboring

component which can be their output, input,
storage and memory components. 3
 Introduction
 The first processor was invented in 1937 by Marcian
Hoff.

 Some companies today are known as processor

manufacturers such as Intel, AMD, Qualcomm,
Motorola, Samsung, IBM, etc.

 The processor is nothing but a small chip made of

silicon that is inserted inside the device to operate
within seconds and its speed is measured.
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PC processors examples

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 More explanations
 Some devices are based on multi-core processors, i.e.
comprises one or more CPU.

 It is a typical tiny component with pins embedded on

the motherboard.

 It can also be linked to motherboard with fan and heat

sink to disperse the produced heat.

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Distribution types of processor and
applications

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Questions- discuss each component

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General Purpose Processor- types of processor
 Microprocessor,
 Microcontroller,
 Embedded processor,
 Digital signal processor,
 Media Processor

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 Microprocessor
 The microprocessor is a standard processor which
comprises of ALU, control unit and club of registers
known as control registers, status registers.

 A one or two microprocessor can be merged

together to form a multiprocessor.

 The input and output operations and memory are

shared by the processors. Example are: Intel
Pentium 111, IBM PowerPC 750X, MIPS R5000 and
StrongARMSA-110
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Multi Processors

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 Characteristics of multi-processor
Multiprocessors include two or more
processors.
Memory input and output features are shared
by the processor.
Memory access time remains the same for each
processor as it is simply connected by the
processor.
The same function is performed by all
processors.
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 Microcontroller
 The microcontroller is standard which is available in
different size and packages.

 The input reading and reacting to its corresponding

output is the fundamental function of the basic
microcontroller.

 Few of the microcontrollers are Microchip P1C16F877A,

Microchip Atmega328, Microchip P1C18F45K22,
Microchip P1C16F671, and Microchip P1C16F1503.
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 Embedded Processor
 The embedded processor is structured to control the
electrical and mechanical functions.

 It comprises of numerous blocks like timer, program

memory, data memory, reset, power supply, data
memory, interrupt controller, clock oscillator systems,
interfacing circuits, specific circuits and system
application ports and circuits.

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 Digital Signal Processor
 The digital signal processor is used for filtering,
measuring, compressing analogue and digital signals.
The processing of signal means that manipulation and
analysis of digital signals.

 The processors in DSP are used for barcode scanners,

oscilloscope, printers, mobile phones.

 These processors are used for rapid and implied for

real-time applications.
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 Media Processor
 An image/video processor is a type of media
processor. Which is designed to deal with data in real-
time. Voice user interface and professional audio are
audio processor applications.

 Some media processors are TN2302AP IP, IN2602 AP

IP, DM3730, TMS320DM6467, DM3725, DM37385,
DM388, TMS320DM6431, etc.

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 Media Processor
• Examples????

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 Questions

 Discuss the mobile processors type and their

application in the current century vs. previous
century.
 What are the differences between Multitasking and
Multiprocessing?

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CPU No. of Launched for Intel Name Speed and
(Processor) Cores Cache Level
Single Core 1 first Single-core Intel 4004 740 KHz and 640
processor in the bytes of RAM.
CPU Year 1971.
Dual Core 2 first Dual-core processor Pentium D 2.80 GHz and
in the Year 2005. 2 MB of Cache.
CPU
Quad Core 4 first Quad-core Athlon II X4 3 GHz and
processor in the 2 MB of Cache.
CPU Year 2009.
Hexa Core 6 first Hexa-core Intel core i7-980X 3.60 GHz and
processor in the 12 MB of Cache.
CPU Year 2010.
Octa Core 8 first Octa-core Intel Core i7- 3.50 GHz and
processor in the 5960X 20 MB of Cache
CPU Year 2014.
Deca Core 10 first Deca-core Xeon Silver 4114T 3 GHz and
processor in the 13.75 MB of
CPU Year 2017. Cache.
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 CPU Components
 These types of CPUs decide the Speed, Efficiency,
Multithreading, cache, clock frequency, effective functioning
of the computer, and mobile devices.
 What is multithreading?
 Many processors in the market are multi-cored which
comprises of multiple IC to enhance the performance of the
processor.

 In some computers, it has two or more cores and can be

increased to twelve cores. If the CPU can process only with a
set of finite commands at one time, and it is called a single-
core processor. If the CPU obeys the two instructions at a
time then it is called a dual-core processor.
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 An 8-bit CPU can handle eight on and off commands at a
 CPU architecture
There are four key factors about CPU
architecture that affect the CPU performance

1. No or Cores(CORE = ALU + CU + Registers)

2. CLock speed

3. Cache Memory Size

4. Processor type
• https://leechangyo.github.io/cs/2020/05/19/19.-CPU-types,-speed,-performance/
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CPU - types, speed, performance

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 Significant roles
 Performance- The processors is the main component
which determine the performance in the PC
 Software support-New, faster processors enables the
use of software
 Reliability and stability
 Energy consumption and cooling
 Motherboard support

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Device specification- Intel I7-4940 type

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Device Specification
TASK
For each group, every member
should check his/ her laptop.
• On the CPU specification,
write the type and all
specification.

• Compare some parameters,

check the cost range and
provide some
recommendation for
improvement 34
 Understanding CPU (Processor) Failure
Symptoms
 Computer Freezes- random freezing of your computer, usually
after just logging into the operating system.
 Booting Issues- Normally you will hear a beep sound when your
computer is powered on
 Computer Automatically Turns Off- If you are experiencing a
frequent shutdown issue, it can be due to CPU issues
 Blue Screen with Error Code- known as a Blue Screen of Death
(BSoD), this can happen due to multiple factors, including RAM,
motherboard and CPU failures
 Physical Damages- If the processor is exposed for heat for a
long time it can get damaged permanently

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 To read
• Reasons for CPU failure
• How to troubleshoot a failing CPU
• How to prevent CPU failure
• How to monitor CPU, RAM , Bandwidth utilization?

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 Practical work
• Watch videos on how to disassemble and assemble the
processor in mobile phone, laptop and desktop.

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