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CHAPTER VII Compound Sentences 2

This document discusses compound sentences, focusing on co-ordination and apposition. It explains the concepts of syndetic and asyndetic co-ordination, the use of co-ordinators, ellipsis in co-ordinated clauses, and the nature of apposition. Additionally, it covers restrictive and non-restrictive apposition, providing examples and syntactic features throughout.

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11 views16 pages

CHAPTER VII Compound Sentences 2

This document discusses compound sentences, focusing on co-ordination and apposition. It explains the concepts of syndetic and asyndetic co-ordination, the use of co-ordinators, ellipsis in co-ordinated clauses, and the nature of apposition. Additionally, it covers restrictive and non-restrictive apposition, providing examples and syntactic features throughout.

Uploaded by

Buz Cazzin
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER VII

COMPOUND SENTENCES:
CO-ORDINATION AND APPOSITION
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ho Ngoc Trung
[email protected]
0913 306 484
I. CO-ORDINATION
1. What is co-ordination?
Co-ordination is the combination of two or more equal units,
namely phrases or clauses.
My friend and I went there together.
We went there and returned immediately.
I told him this, but he didn’t believe me.
2. Syndetic and asyndetic co-ordination
a. Syndetic co-ordination: with presence of co-ordinators:
Slowly and stealthily, he crept towards his victim.
b. Asyndetic co-ordination: with absence of co-ordinators:
Slowly, stealthily, he crept towards his victim.
3. Co-ordinators and correlatives
a. Co-ordinators and their meanings:
(i)Syntactic features of co-ordinators:
-Restricted to initial position in the clause or phrase:
John plays the guitar, and his sister plays the piano.
-Fixed position of clauses beginning with co-ordinator:
They are living in England or they are spending a vacation there.
-Impossibly preceded by other conjunction;
-Allowing ellipsis of S of the clause it introduces (to avoid repetition):
I may see you tomorrow or (I) may phone later in the day.
-And and or can link subordinate clauses:
I asked him who he was and why he had come.
(ii) Semantic implication of AND
-Addition of consequence or result:
He heard an explosion and (he therefore) phoned the police.
-Addition of chronological sequence:
She washed the dishes and (then she) dried them.
-Contrast: Robert is secretive and (in contrast) David is candid.
-Second clause being a comment on the first:
They disliked John – and that’s not surprising.
-First clause being a condition of the second:
Give me some money and (then) I’ll help you escape.
-Second clause making a point similar to the first:
A trade agreement should be no problem, and (similarly) a cultural
exchange could be arranged.
(iii) Semantic implication of OR
-Exclusive choice: You can go there by car or you can walk there.
-Inclusive choice:
You can boil an egg, or you can make some cheese sandwiches,
or you can do both.
-Restatement or correction of previously-mentioned idea:
He began his educational career, or, in other words, he started to
attend the local kindergarten.
-Negative condition:
Give me some money, or I’ll shoot.
Let go of me, or I’ll scream.
(iv) Semantic implication of BUT
-Unexpected contrast:
John is poor, but he’s happy.
He didn’t want their help, but he had to accept it.
-Contrast being restatement (negative><affirmative)
John didn’t waste his time in the week before the exam, but
studied hard every evening.
b. Correlatives
Both… and…; neither…nor…; either…or…; not only…but also
She smoked both cigars and cigarettes.
He both has long hair and wears jeans.
4. Phrasal and clausal co-ordination
a. Phrasal co-ordination
-Co-ordinated noun phrases:
Peter and John were there.
We were afraid of poisonous snakes and fierce animals.
-Other phrases (as modifier):
I like teaching a studious or hard-working undergraduate.
He has workers from Ireland and from France.
-Co-ordinated adverbials:
They sang beautifully and passionately.
She waited patiently but in vain.
You can wash it manually or by using a machine.
They can call this week or whenever they wish.
b. Clausal co-ordination
-Co-ordinated independent clauses:
He has long hair and he wears jeans.
He didn’t want their help, but he had to accept it.
-Co-ordinated subordinate clauses:
If you can find the letter and (if) you are interested in it, I’ll let
you have it.
I’m prepared to meet them when (they like) and where they like.
II. ELLIPSIS
1. Ellipsis in co-ordinated clauses
a. Ellipsis of subject:
Peter ate a cheese sandwich and (Peter/he) drank a glass of beer.
S-V (operator): Mary has washed the dishes, (she has) fried them, and (she has) put
them in the cupboard.

b. Ellipsis of auxiliary only:


John should clean the shed and Peter (should) mow the lawn.
John must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework.
c. Ellipsis of predicate or predication
(i) Ellipsis of V/lexical V only:
Yesterday John was given a railway set, and Sue (was given) a doll.
I work in a factory and my wife (works) on a farm.
Nam will work today and (he) may (work) the day after tomorrow.
(ii) V + Cs: John was the winner in 1971 and Bob (was the winner) 10 years later.
The milk turned sour not only today but (turned sour) yesterday too.
(iii) V + Od: Peter plays football for his school and Paul (plays football) for his club.
Joan will cook the meals today and Barbara may (cook the meals) tomorrow.
(iv) Required form of lexical verb/predication:
We met last year, but we haven’t (met) since.
I saw your parents last week, but I haven’t (seen your parents) since.
John could have been (watching television), but (he) wasn’t, watching television.
d. Ellipsis of Od/Cs only:
(i) Od: John likes (Mary), and Peter hates, Mary.
George opened (the door), but Mary closed, the door.
(ii) Cs: Bob seemed angry, and George certainly was (angry).
John has recently become (a very hard-working student), and his brother always was, a
very hard-working student.
e. Ellipsis of A: To my surprise, they didn’t appoint him, and (to my surprise) they
didn’t even interview him.
Theoretically, I have no objections to his proposal and (theoretically) neither have any
of my colleagues.
f. Ellipsis of head noun / Cprep:
We wanted fried fish, but they gave us boiled (fish).
She wore the black dress, but the blue (dress) suits her better.
Bob is bored with (music), but Peter enjoys music.
III. APPOSITION
1. What is apposition?
Apposition resembles co-ordination in linking units having grammatical affinity (referring to
the same entity)
A neighbor, Fred Smith, is on the telephone.
Mr. Campbell, the lawyer, was here last night.
2. Indicators of apposition
Expressions that mark the same or similar relationship being grouped together:
That is to say, that is, i.e., namely, viz, in other words, or, or rather, and, as follows, for
example, for instance, e.g., say, including, such as, particularly, chiefly, mainly, mostly.
The passenger plane of the 1980s, namely the supersonic jet, has, somewhat
transformed relations between people of the world.
The president of the USA, in other words, Donald Trump, was on television last night.
I didn’t meet any people, including my sister.
3. Restrictive and non-restrictive apposition
a. Restrictive apposition:
The novel Great Expectation was the best seller last week.
I don’t agree with the view that there is no advantage in being patient.
The question whether to confess or not troubled him.
b. Non-restrictive apposition:
The company commander, (who was) Captain Madison, assembled his men and
announced their mission.
He drew a pentagonal, or five-sided, figure.
We’re studying sound units of the language, technically phonemes.
4. Realisation of apposition:
-NPs: His novel, Great Expectations, is truly thrilling.
-V-ing Cl: The soldiers, some of them being natives, are friendly.
-To V Cl: His hope, to become a doctor, was realized at last.
-That Cl: This strongly supports his argument that things are
getting worse than before.
-Wh-interrogative Cl: He didn’t answer my question: why he
hadn’t come to the meeting.
-Nominal relative Cl: His account of what he had done that year
didn’t satisfy his colleague.

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