Unit – 4

Unit – 1
Pushdown
Introduction to Compiler
Automata

Compiler Design
Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 1 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology
 Topics to be covered
 Translator
 Analysis synthesis model of compilation
 Phases of compiler
 Difference between compiler & interpreter
 Types of compiler
 Context of compiler (Cousins of compiler)
 Pass structure

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 2 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Translator હેલ્લો

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 3 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Translator
 A translator is a program that takes one form of program as input
and converts it into another form.
 Types of translators are:
1. Compiler
2. Interpreter
3. Assembler

Source Translator Target

Program Program

Error
Messages (If any)
Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 4 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology
 Compiler
 A compiler is a program that reads a program written in source
language and translates it into an equivalent program in target
language.

void main() 0000 1100 0010

{ 0100
int a=1,b=2,c; 0111 1000 0001
Compiler
c=a+b; 1111 0101 1110
printf(“%d”,c); 1100 0000 1000
} 1011

Source Error Target

Program Messages (If any) Program

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 5 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Interpreter
 Interpreter is also program that reads a program written in source
language and translates it into an equivalent program in target
language line by line.

Void main() 0000 1100 0010

{ 0000
int a=1,b=2,c; Interpreter 1111 1100 0010
c=a+b;
1010 1100 0010
printf(“%d”,c);
0011 1100 0010
} 1111
Error
Source Target
Messages (If any)
Program Program

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 6 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Assembler
• Assembler is a translator which takes the assembly code as an
input and generates the machine code as an output.

MOV id3, R1 0000 1100 0010

MUL #2.0, R1 0100
MOV id2, R2 0111 1000 0001
MUL R2, R1 Assembler 1111 0101 1110
MOV id1, R2 1100 0000 1000
ADD R2, R1 1011
MOV R1, id1 1100 0000 1000
Error
Assembly Code Messages (If any) Machine Code

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 7 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Analysis synthesis model of
compilation

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 8 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Analysis synthesis model of compilation
 There are two part of compilation.
1. Analysis Phase
2. Synthesis Phase

void main() Analysis Synthesis 0000 1100

{ Phase Phase 0111 1000
int a=1,b=2,c; 0001
c=a+b; 1111 0101
printf(“%d”,c); Intermediate 1000
} Representation 1011

Source Code Target Code

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 9 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Analysis phase & Synthesis phase
Analysis Phase Synthesis Phase
 Analysis part breaks up the  The synthesis part constructs
source program into the desired target program
constituent pieces and from the intermediate
creates an intermediate representation.
representation of the source  Synthesis phase consist of the
program. following sub phases:
 Analysis phase consist of 1. Code optimization
three sub phases: 2. Code generation
1. Lexical analysis
2. Syntax analysis
3. Semantic analysis
Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 10 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology
 Phases of compiler

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 11 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Phases of compiler
Compiler

Analysis phase Synthesis phase

Lexical analysis
Intermediate Code
code optimization
Syntax analysis generation
Code
Semantic analysis generation

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 12 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Lexical analysis
 Lexical Analysis is also called linear analysis Position = initial + rate*60
or scanning.
Lexical analysis
 Lexical Analyzer divides the given source
statement into the tokens.
id1 = id2 + id3 * 60
 Ex: Position = initial + rate * 60 would be
grouped into the following tokens:
Position (identifier)
= (Assignment symbol)
initial (identifier)
+ (Plus symbol)
rate (identifier)
* (Multiplication symbol)
60 (Number)

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 13 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Phases of compiler
Compiler

Analysis phase Synthesis phase

Lexical analysis
Intermediate Code
code optimization
Syntax analysis generation
Code
Semantic analysis generation

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 14 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Syntax analysis
 Syntax Analysis is also called Parsing or Position = initial + rate*60
Hierarchical Analysis. Lexical analysis
 The syntax analyzer checks each line of
the code and spots every tiny mistake. id1 = id2 + id3 * 60
 If code is error free then syntax
Syntax analysis
analyzer generates the tree.
=

id1 +

id2 *
id3 60

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 15 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Phases of compiler
Compiler

Analysis phase Synthesis phase

Lexical analysis
Intermediate Code
code optimization
Syntax analysis generation
Code
Semantic analysis generation

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 16 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Semantic analysis
=
 Semantic analyzer determines the
meaning of a source string. id1 +
 It performs following operations: id2 * int to
1. matching of parenthesis in the real
id3 60
expression.
2. Matching of if..else statement. Semantic analysis
3. Performing arithmetic operation =
that are type compatible. id1 +
4. Checking the scope of operation.
id2 *

*Note: Consider id1, id2 and id3 are real id3 inttoreal

60
Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 17 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology
 Phases of compiler
Compiler

Analysis phase Synthesis phase

Lexical analysis
Intermediate Code
code optimization
Syntax analysis generation

Code
Semantic analysis generation

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 18 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Intermediate code generator
 Two =
important properties of
intermediate code : id1 +
1. It should be easy to produce.
id2 *
2. Easy to translate into target
t3 id3 inttoreal
program. t2 t1
 Intermediate form can be represented 60
Intermediate code
using “three address code”.
 Three address code consist of a
t1= int to real(60)
sequence of instruction, each of which t2= id3 * t1
has at most three operands. t3= t2 + id2
id1= t3

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 19 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Phases of compiler
Compiler

Analysis phase Synthesis phase

Lexical analysis
Intermediate Code
code optimization
Syntax analysis generation
Code
Semantic analysis generation

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 20 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Code optimization
 It improves the intermediate code.
 This is necessary to have a faster Intermediate code
execution of code or less consumption
t1= int to real(60)
of memory. t2= id3 * t1
t3= t2 + id2
id1= t3

Code optimization

t1= id3 * 60.0

id1 = id2 + t1

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 21 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Phases of compiler
Compiler

Analysis phase Synthesis phase

Lexical analysis
Intermediate Code
code optimization
Syntax analysis generation
Code
Semantic analysis generation

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 22 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Code generation
 The intermediate code instructions are
Code optimization
translated into sequence of machine
instruction. t1= id3 * 60.0
id1 = id2 + t1

Code generation

MOVF id3, R2
MULF #60.0, R2
MOVF id2, R1
ADDF R2,R1
MOVF R1, id1

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 23 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Phases of compiler
Source program

Analysis Phase
Lexical analysis

Syntax analysis

Semantic analysis
Symbol table Error detection
and recovery
Intermediate code

Sr. Variable Type Address Code optimization

Name
1 Position Float 0001
Code generation Synthesis Phase
2 Initial Float 0005
3 Rate Float 0009
Target Program
Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 24 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology
 Exercise
 Write output of all the phases of compiler for following
statements:
1. x = b-c*2
2. I=p*n*r/100

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 25 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Difference between compiler & interpreter
Compiler Interpreter
Scans the entire program and It translates program’s one
translates it as a whole into machine statement at a time.
code.
It generates intermediate code. It does not generate intermediate
code.
An error is displayed after entire An error is displayed for every
program is checked. instruction interpreted if any.
Memory requirement is more. Memory requirement is less.
Example: C compiler Example: Basic, Python, Ruby

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 26 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Context of Compiler
(Cousins of compiler)

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 27 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Context of compiler (Cousins of compiler)
Skeletal
Source Preprocessor
Program

Preprocessor
It performs the following functions:
1. Macro processing
2. File inclusion
3. Rational preprocessor
4. Language extensions

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 28 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Context of compiler (Cousins of compiler)
Skeletal
Source Preprocessor
Program

Preprocessor
1. Macro processing: Allows user to define macros. Macro is shorthand
for longer constructs.
Ex: #define PI 3.14159265358979323846
2. File inclusion: A preprocessor may include the header file into the
program.
Ex: #include<stdio.h>
3. Rational preprocessor: It provides built in macro for construct like
while statement or if statement.

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 29 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Context of compiler (Cousins of compiler)
Skeletal
Source Preprocessor
Program

Preprocessor
4. Language extensions: Add capabilities to the language by using
built-in macros.
• Ex: the language equal is a database query language
embedded in C.
• Statement beginning with ## are taken by preprocessor to be
database access statement unrelated to C and translated into
procedure call on routines that perform the database access.

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 30 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Context of compiler (Cousins of compiler)
Skeletal
Source Preprocessor Compiler
Source
Program Program

Compiler
• A compiler is a program that reads a program written in source
language and translates it into an equivalent program in target
language.

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 31 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Context of compiler (Cousins of compiler)
Skeletal
Preprocessor Compiler
Source Source Target Assembler
Program Program Assembly
Program

Assembler
• Assembler is a translator which takes the assembly program
(mnemonic) as an input and generates the machine code as an
output.

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 32 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Context of compiler (Cousins of compiler)
Skeletal
Preprocessor Compiler
Source Source Target Assembler Relocatable
Program Program Assembly Object Code
Program
Linker / Loader
Libraries &
Linker Object Files
• Linker makes a single program from a several files of relocatable
machine code.
• These files may have been the result of several different compilation,
and one or more library files.

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 33 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Context of compiler (Cousins of compiler)
Skeletal
Preprocessor Compiler
Source Source Target Assembler Relocatable
Program Program Assembly Object Code
Program
Linker / Loader
Libraries &
Loader Object Files
• The process of loading consists of: Absolute
1. Taking relocatable machine code. Machine
Code
2. Altering the relocatable address.
3. Placing the altered instructions and
data in memory at the proper
location.

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 34 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Front end & back end (Grouping of phases)
Front end: Depends primarily on source language and largely independent of
the target machine.
It includes following phases:
1. Lexical analysis
2. Syntax analysis
3. Semantic analysis
4. Intermediate code generation
5. Creation of symbol table
Back end: Depends on target machine and do not depend on source program.
It includes following phases:
6. Code optimization
7. Code generation phase
8. Error handling and symbol table operation

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 35 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Pass structure

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 36 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Pass structure
 One complete scan of a source program is called pass.
 Pass includes reading an input file and writing to the output file.
 In a single pass compiler analysis of source statement is
immediately followed by synthesis of equivalent target statement.
 While in a two pass compiler intermediate code is generated
between analysis and synthesis phase.
 It is difficult to compile the source program into single pass due to:
forward reference

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 37 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Pass structure
Forward reference: A forward reference of a program entity is a
reference to the entity which precedes its definition in the program.
 This problem can be solved by postponing the generation of target
code until more information concerning the entity becomes
available.
 It leads to multi pass model of compilation.
 In Pass I: Perform analysis of the source program and note
relevant information.
 In Pass II: Generate target code using information noted in pass I.

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 38 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Effect of reducing the number of passes
 It is desirable to have a few passes, because it takes time to read
and write intermediate file.
 If we group several phases into one pass then memory
requirement may be large.

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 39 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Types of compiler

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 40 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology

 Types of compiler
1. One pass compiler
• It is a type of compiler that compiles whole process in one-pass.
2. Two pass compiler
• It is a type of compiler that compiles whole process in two-pass.
• It generates intermediate code.
3. Incremental compiler
• The compiler which compiles only the changed line from the source
code and update the object code.
4. Native code compiler
• The compiler used to compile a source code for a same type of
platform only.
5. Cross compiler
• The compiler used to compile a source code for a different kinds platform.
Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 41 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology
 End of Unit-1

Unit – 1 : Introduction to Compiler 42 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology