1

Today’s agendum:
Magnetic Fields.
You must understand the similarities and differences between electric fields and
field lines, and magnetic fields and field lines.

Magnetic Force on Moving Charged Particles.

You must be able to calculate the magnetic force on moving charged particles.

Magnetic Flux and Gauss’ “Law” for Magnetism.

You must be able to calculate magnetic flux and recognize the consequences of
Gauss’ “Law” for Magnetism.

Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic

Field.
You must be able to calculate the trajectory and energy of a charged particle
moving in a uniform magnetic field.

2
 Magnetism
Recall how there are two kinds of electrical charge (+
and -), and likes repel, opposites attract.
Similarly, there are two kinds of magnetic poles (north
and south), and like poles repel, opposites attract.

S N S N
Attract

S N Repel N S

S N S N
Repel Attract

S N N S 3
There is one difference between magnetism and
electricity: it is possible to have isolated + or – electric
charges, but isolated N and S poles have never been
observed.
- + S N

I.E., every magnet has BOTH a N and a S pole, no

matter how many times you “chop it up.”

SS N SN N

4
 Magnetic Fields
The earth has associated with it a magnetic field, with
poles near the geographic poles.
The pole of a magnet attracted
to the earth’s north geographic N
pole is the magnet’s north
pole. S
The pole of a magnet attracted
to the earth’s south
geographic pole is the http://hyperphysics.phy-
magnet’s south pole. astr.gsu.edu/hbase/
magnetic/magearth.html

Just as we used the electric field to help us “explain”

and visualize electric forces in space, we use the
magnetic field to help us “explain” and visualize 5
magnetic forces in space.
Magnetic field lines point in the same direction that the
north pole of a compass would point.
Later I’ll give a better definition for magnetic field
direction.

Magnetic field lines are tangent to the magnetic field.

The more magnetic field lines in a region in space, the
stronger the magnetic field.
Outside the magnet, magnetic field lines point
away from N poles (*why?).

6
*The N pole of a compass would “want to get to” the S pole of the magnet.
Here’s a “picture” of the
magnetic field of a bar magnet,
using iron filings to map out the
field.
The magnetic field ought to
“remind” you of the earth’s field.

7
We use the symbol B for magnetic field.

Magnetic field lines point away from north poles, and

towards south poles.

S N

The SI unit* for magnetic field is the Tesla.

1 kg These units come from the
1T= magnetic force equation,
C s which appears two slides
from now.
In a bit, we’ll see how the units are related to other
quantities we know about, and later in the course we’ll
see an “official” definition of the units for the magnetic
field. 8
*Old unit, still sometimes used: 1 Gauss = 10-4 Tesla.
The earth’s magnetic field
has a magnitude of roughly
0.5 G, or 0.00005 T. A
powerful perm-anent
magnet, like the kind you
might find in headphones,
might produce a magnetic
http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/mag_field.htm
field of 1000 G, or 0.1 T.
An electromagnet like this one
can produce a field of 26000 G
= 26 kG = 2.6 T.

Superconducting magnets can produce a field

of over 10 T. Never get near an operating
super-conducting magnet while wearing a
9
watch or belt buckle with iron in it!
Today’s agendum:
Magnetic Fields.
You must understand the similarities and differences between electric fields and
field lines, and magnetic fields and field lines.

Magnetic Force on Moving Charged Particles.

You must be able to calculate the magnetic force on moving charged particles.

Magnetic Flux and Gauss’ “Law” for Magnetism.

You must be able to calculate magnetic flux and recognize the consequences of
Gauss’ “Law” for Magnetism.

Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic

Field.
You must be able to calculate the trajectory and energy of a charged particle
moving in a uniform magnetic field.

10
 Magnetic Fields and Moving Charges

A charged particle moving in a magnetic field

experiences a force.

The magnetic force equation predicts the effect of a

magnetic field on a moving charged particle.
 
F=qv B

force velocity of magnetic field

on charged vector
particle particle

What is the force if the charged particle is at rest?

11
Vector notation conventions:


 is a vector pointing out of the paper/board/screen
(looks like an arrow coming straight for your eye).


 is a vector pointing into the paper/board/screen
(looks like the feathers of an arrow going away from
eye).

12
Cross product as presented in Physics 103.

F = q vB sinθ = q vB= q vB

Magnitude of magnetic force (and the meaning of v

and B):

B B
 v  B
+ +
v v

F = q vB F = q vB

13
Direction of magnetic force---

Use right hand rule:

fingers out, thumb perpendicular to them

rotate your hand until your palm points in the

direction of B
(curl fingers through smallest angle from v to
B)
thumb points in direction of F

Your text presents two alternative variations (curl your

fingers, imagine turning a right-handed screw). There is
one other variation on the right hand rule. I’ll
demonstrate all variations in lecture sooner or later.

still more variations: 14

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/magfor.html
 F = q vB sinθ = q vB= q vB

Direction of magnetic force:

F

B B
+  - 
v v

v
F? - 
B
15
“Foolproof” technique for calculating both magnitude
and direction of magnetic force.

 
F =qv B

  ˆi ˆj kˆ  
   
F =q  det  vx vy vz  
  B B B 
  x y z 


16
Alternative* view of magnetic field units.

F = q vB sinθ

F
B=
q v sinθ

N N
B = T = = Remember, units of field
C m/s A m are force per
“something.”

*“Official” definition of units coming later.

17
Today’s agendum:
Magnetic Fields.
You must understand the similarities and differences between electric fields and
field lines, and magnetic fields and field lines.

Magnetic Force on Moving Charged Particles.

You must be able to calculate the magnetic force on moving charged particles.

Magnetic Flux and Gauss’ “Law” for

Magnetism.
You must be able to calculate magnetic flux and recognize the consequences of
Gauss’ “Law” for Magnetism.

Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic

Field.
You must be able to calculate the trajectory and energy of a charged particle
moving in a uniform magnetic field.
18
 Magnetic Flux and Gauss’ “Law” for
Magnetism

Magnetic Flux

We have used magnetic field lines to visualize magnetic

fields and indicate their strength.

We are now going to count the

number of magnetic field lines
passing through a surface, and B
use this count to determine the
magnetic field.

19
The magnetic flux passing through a surface is the
number of magnetic field lines that pass through it.

Because magnetic field lines are A

drawn arbitrarily, we quantify B
magnetic flux like this: M=BA.

If the surface is tilted, fewer lines

cut the surface. B

If these slides look familiar, refer back to
lecture 4! 20
We define A to be a vector
having a magnitude equal to the A
area of the surface, in a direction 
normal to the surface. B

The “amount of surface”
perpendicular to the magnetic
field is A cos .

Because A is perpendicular to the surface, the amount

of A parallel to the electric field is A cos .

A = A cos  so M = BA = BA cos .

 
Remember the dot product from Physics  M B A
21
103?
If the magnetic field is not uniform, or the surface is not
flat…

divide the surface

into infinitesimal
surface elements
and add the flux
through each…  
B  M  lim
Ai  0
 B A
i i
dA i

 
 M B dA

your starting
equation sheet
has…
 
B 
  B dA
22
If the surface is closed (completely encloses a volume)
…

…we count lines going

out as positive and
lines going in as
B negative…  
 M B dA
dA a surface integral, therefore a
double integral

But there are no magnetic monopoles in nature

(experimental fact). If there were more flux lines going
out of than into the volume, there would be a magnetic
monopole inside. 23
 Therefore
 
B
 M B dA 0

dA Gauss’ “Law” for

Magnetism!

Gauss’ “Law” for magnetism is not very useful in this

course. The concept of magnetic flux is extremely
useful, and will be used later!
24
You have now learned Gauss’s “Law” for both
electricity and magnetism.

  q enclosed  
 E E dA   M B dA 0
o

These equations can also be written in differential

form:   
E  B 0
0

25
Today’s agendum:
Magnetic Fields.
You must understand the similarities and differences between electric fields and
field lines, and magnetic fields and field lines.

Magnetic Force on Moving Charged Particles.

You must be able to calculate the magnetic force on moving charged particles.

Magnetic Flux and Gauss’ “Law” for Magnetism.

You must be able to calculate magnetic flux and recognize the consequences of
Gauss’ “Law” for Magnetism.

Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform

Magnetic Field.
You must be able to calculate the trajectory and energy of a charged particle
moving in a uniform magnetic field.

26
 Motion of a charged particle
in a uniform magnetic field

Example: an electron travels at 2x107 m/s in a plane

perpendicular to a 0.01 T magnetic field. Describe its
path.

27
 Example: an electron travels at 2x107 m/s in a plane
perpendicular to a 0.01 T magnetic field. Describe its
path.
The force on the electron B
(remember, its charge is        
-) is always perpendicular        
to the velocity. If v and B - F
       
are constant, then F v
       
remains constant (in
magnitude).        
F
The above paragraph is a        
-
description of uniform        - v
circular motion.        

The electron will move in a circular path with an

acceleration equal to v2/r, where r is the radius of the
28
circle.
Motion of a proton in a uniform magnetic field
The force is always in
v
   +    the radial direction and
Bout has a magnitude qvB.
   FB  r   
v For circular motion, a =
 +    +  v2/r so mv2
FB FB F = q vB=
       r
v
       q rB mv
v= r=
m qB
      
Thanks to Dr. Waddill for the use of the picture and following
examples.

The rotational frequency f

The period T is
is called the cyclotron
2πr 2πm frequency qB
T= = 1
v qB f= =
T 2πm 29
Helical motion in a uniform magnetic field

If v and B are perpendicular, a B

charged particle travels in a
circular path. v remains constant
but the direction of v constantly v
changes. +
 v
If v has a component parallel to
B, then v remains constant, and
the charged particle moves in a
helical path.

There won’t be any test

problems on helical motion.

30
Lorentz Force “Law”
 

If both electric and magnetic fields are present, 
F =q E+v B .

Applications

The applications in the remaining slides are in your

textbook sections for the next lecture.

If I have time, I will show them today.

The energy calculation in the mass spectrometer

example is often useful in homework.

31
Velocity Selector

Bout 
        FE =qE
----------------
  v     
+ E + q
         
 FB =qv B
       
Thanks to Dr. Waddill for the use of the
picture.

When the electric and magnetic forces balance then

the charge will pass straight through. This occurs when
FE = FB or E
qE=qvB or v=
B
32
Mass Spectrometers

Mass spectrometers separate charges of different mass.

When ions of fixed energy enter a region of constant
magnetic field, they follow a circular path.
V
The radius of the      B
path depends on the S     
mass/charge ratio +q
    
and speed of the ion, r
and the magnitude x     
of the magnetic     
field.     
    
33
Thanks to Dr. Waddill for the use of the
picture.
Example: Ions from source S enter a region of constant
magnetic field B that is perpendicular to the ions path. The
ions follow a semicircle and strike the detector plate at x =
1.7558 m from the point where they entered the field. If the
ions have a charge of 1.6022 x 10-19 C, the magnetic field
has a magnitude of B = 80.0 mT, and the accelerating
potential is V = 1000.0 V, what is the mass of the ion?
V
Radius of ion path:
     B
mv S     
x=2r and r= +q
qB     
r
x     
Unknowns are m and     
v.
    
    
34
Conservation of energy gives speed of ion. The ions
leave the source with approximately zero kinetic energy
Ki +Ui =Kff +U
Caution! V is
0 potential, v
Kfi =K +Ui - Uf  (lowercase) is speed.

Kffi=- U - U  =-qVfi - V  =-qV V

Kf =-qV      B
S     
+q
1 2     
mv =-qV r
2 x     
A proton accelerates
-2qV
when it goes from a more     
positive V to a less
v=
m positive V; i.e., when V is     
negative. That’s what this
minus sign means.     
35
 -2qV
v=
m

2mv
x=2r =
qB

2m -2qV V
x=
qB m      B
S     
2 -2mV +q
x=     
B q r
x     
B2x2q     
m=-
8V     
    
36
 B2x2q
m=-
8V

0.08 T  1.7558 m 1.602210-19 C

2 2

m=-
8-1000 V

-25
V
m=3.951510 kg
     B
S     
1 atomic mass +q
unit (amu) equals     
r
1.66x10-27 kg, so x     
    
m=238.04 u uranium-238!     
    
37
Today’s agendum:
Review and some interesting consequences of
F=qvxB.
You must understand the similarities and differences between electric forces
and magnetic forces on charged particles.

Magnetic forces on currents and current-carrying

wires.
You must be able to calculate the magnetic force on currents.

Magnetic forces and torques on current loops.

You must be able to calculate the torque and magnetic moment for a current-
carrying wire in a uniform magnetic field.

Applications: galvanometers, electric motors, rail

guns.
You must be able to use your understanding of magnetic forces and magnetic
fields to describe how electromagnetic devices operate. 38
Reminder: signs
 
F =qv B
Include the sign on q, properly account for the
directions of any two of the vectors, and the direction of
the third vector is calculated “automatically.”

F = q vB sinθ = q vB= q vB

If you determine the direction “by hand,” use the

magnitude of the charge.

Everything in this equation is a mv

r=
magnitude. The sign of r had better be qB
+! 39
Magnetic and Electric Forces

The electric force acts in the direction of the electric

field. 
FE =qE
The electric force is nonzero even if v=0.

The magnetic force acts perpendicular to the magnetic

field.  
FB =qv B
The magnetic force is zero if v=0.

FB v=0 =q0B=0
40
Magnetic and Electric Forces

The electric force does work in displacing a charged

particle.
 E
FE =qE D
F

+ WF =F D=FD=qED

The magnetic force does no work in displacing a

charged particle!
 B v
   
FB =qv B +ds WF =F ds =0
Amazing!
F
41
Today’s agendum:
Review and some interesting consequences of
F=qvxB.
You must understand the similarities and differences between electric forces
and magnetic forces on charged particles.

Magnetic forces on currents and current-

carrying wires.
You must be able to calculate the magnetic force on currents.

Magnetic forces and torques on current loops.

You must be able to calculate the torque and magnetic moment for a current-
carrying wire in a uniform magnetic field.

Applications: galvanometers, electric motors, rail

guns.
You must be able to use your understanding of magnetic forces and magnetic
fields to describe how electromagnetic devices operate. 42
 Magnetic Forces on Currents
So far, I’ve lectured about magnetic forces on moving
charged particles.  
F =qv B

Actually, magnetic forces were observed on current-

carrying wires long before we discovered what the
fundamental charged particles are.

Experiment, followed by theoretical understanding,

gives  For reading clarity, I’ll use
F =IL B. L instead of the l your text
uses.
If you know about charged particles, you can derive this from the equation
for the force on a moving charged particle. It is valid for a straight wire in a
uniform magnetic field. 43
Here is a picture to help you visualize. It came from
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/forwir2.
html
.

44
 F
       
       
I B
     L  
       


F =IL B

Valid for straight wire, length L inside region of

magnetic field
constant magnetic field, constant current I, direction of
L is direction of conventional current I.
You could apply this equation to a beam of charged particles
moving through space, even if the charged particles are not
confined to a wire. 45
 What if the wire is not straight?

I  
       dF =I ds B

       
F = dF
      
B
        
   
ds
  

F =I  ds B
dF
       Integrate over the
part of the wire that
is in the magnetic
field region.
46
Example: a wire carrying current I consists of a
semicircle of radius R and two horizontal straight
portions each of length L. It is in a region of constant
magnetic field as shown. What is the net magnetic
force on the wire?
y
       
B
        x
R
       
I  L     L 
       

There is no magnetic force on the portions of the wire

outside the magnetic field region.
47
First look at the        
two straight F1 F2 B
       

sections. R
F =IL B        
I  L     L 
L  B, so y

F1 =F2 =ILB        
x

48
Next look at the        
semicircular F1 dF ds d F2 B
       
section. R
Calculate the        
incremental force I L   
dF on an y   L 
incremental ds of        
current-carrying x
wire.
ds subtends the angle from  to
+d.  
The incremental force dF
is =I ds B.

ds  B, so dF =I ds B.

Arc lengthds =R d.

Finally, dF =I R d B. 49
Calculate the y-   dFy    
component of F. F1 dF dsd F2 B
    
R
dFy =I R d B sin      
 I  L     L 
Fy =  dFy y
0
        
Fy =  I R d B sin x
0


Fy =I R B sind
0


Fy = -I R B cos  0
Interesting—just the force on a
Fy =2 I R B straight horizontal wire of
length 2R.
50
Does symmetry      
give you Fx F1 dF ds d F2 B
 dF   
immediately? x R
Or, you can      
calculate the x I
component of F. y  L     L 
dFx =I R d B cos        
x

Fx =  I R d B cos
0


Fx =I R B cosd
0


Fx = I R B sin  0

Fx =0
51
 Fy
Total force:        
F1 dF ds F2 B
       
F =F1 + F2 + Fy R
       
I  L     L 
F =ILB + ILB + 2IRB y
       
F =2IB L + R  x

52
Example: a semicircular closed loop of radius R carries
current I. It is in a region of constant magnetic field as
shown. What is the net magnetic force on the loop of
wire?
FC
y
       
B
        x
R
       
   I    
       

We calculated the force on the semicircular part in the

previous example (current is flowing in the same
direction there as before).
F =2 I R B 53
C
 FC
Next look at the        
straight section. B
        
FS =IL B R
       

L  B, and L=2R so y    I    
       
FS =2IRB
x FS
Fs is directed in the –y direction (right hand rule).

Fnet =FS +Fc =-2IRB ˆj+2IRB ˆj =0

The net force on the closed loop is zero!

This is true in general for closed loops
in a uniform magnetic field.
54
Today’s agendum:
Review and some interesting consequences of
F=qvxB.
You must understand the similarities and differences between electric forces
and magnetic forces on charged particles.

Magnetic forces on currents and current-carrying

wires.
You must be able to calculate the magnetic force on currents.

Magnetic forces and torques on current loops.

You must be able to calculate the torque and magnetic moment for a current-
carrying wire in a uniform magnetic field.

Applications: galvanometers, electric motors, rail

guns.
You must be able to use your understanding of magnetic forces and magnetic
55
fields to describe how electromagnetic devices operate.
 Magnetic Forces and Torques on Current
Loops
We showed (not in general, but illustrated the
technique) that the net force on a current loop in a
uniform magnetic field is zero.
motion.
No net force means no motion.NOT.
Example: a rectangular current loop of area A is placed
in a uniform magnetic field. Calculate the torque on the
loop.
Let the loop carry a
counterclockwise
I current I and have
L B
length L and width
W.
The drawing is not meant to
imply that the top and bottom 56
W parts are outside the
magnetic field region.
There is no force on the
“horizontal” segments because
the current and magnetic field F  FR B
L
are in the same direction. L
I
The vertical segment on the left
“feels” a force “out of the
W
page.”
The vertical segment on the
right “feels” a force “into the
page.”
The two forces have the same magnitude: FL = FR = I L
B.
Because FL and FR are in opposite directions, there is
no net force on the current loop, but there is a net
torque.
57
Top view of current loop, looking
“down,” at the instant the FR
magnetic field is parallel to the B
plane of the loop.    IL  IR
 =r F .
In general, torque is W W
F
W 1 L
2 2
R = FR  WILB
2 2

W 1
L = FL  WILB
2 2
net = R  L =WILB=IAB

area of loop =
WL 58
When the magnetic field is not FR
W
parallel to the plane of the loop… sin 
2
W 1  IR
R = FRsin   WILB sin  B
2 2 

IL
W 1 W
L = FLsin   WILB sin  A
2 2 F 2
L

net = R  L =WILB sin  =IAB sin 

Define A to be a vector whose magnitude is the area of

the loop and whose direction is given by the right hand
rule (cross A into B to get
 ).Then
 = IA B .
59
Magnetic Moment of a Current Loop
FR
  W
 = IA B sin 
2
 IR
Alternative way to get direction of B
A: curl your fingers (right hand) in 
direction of current; thumb points 
IL
in direction of A. W
F A
IA is defined to be the magnetic 2
L
moment of the current loop.
 
 = IA
 
 =  B

Your starting equation sheet has:

 
 = N I A (N=1 for a single loop) 60
Energy of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field

You don’t realize it yet, but we have been talking about

magnetic dipoles for the last 5 slides.
A current loop, or any other body that experiences a
magnetic torque as given above, is called a magnetic
dipole.

Energy of a magnetic dipole?

You already know Today:
this:
Electric Magnetic
Dipole Dipole
  
 = p E  =  B
   
U= - p E U= -  B
61
Today’s agendum:
Review and some interesting consequences of
F=qvxB.
You must understand the similarities and differences between electric forces
and magnetic forces on charged particles.

Magnetic forces on currents and current-carrying

wires.
You must be able to calculate the magnetic force on currents.

Magnetic forces and torques on current loops.

You must be able to calculate the torque and magnetic moment for a current-
carrying wire in a uniform magnetic field.

Applications: galvanometers, electric motors,

rail guns.
You must be able to use your understanding of magnetic forces and magnetic
fields to describe how electromagnetic devices operate. 62
 The Galvanometer

Now you can understand how a galvanometer works…

When a current is passed through a coil connected to a

needle, the coil experiences a torque and deflects. See
the link below for more details.

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/galvan.html#c1 63
 Electric Motors

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/mothow.html
#c1 64
Hyperphysics has nice interactive graphics showing how
dc and ac motors work.

65
 We’ve been working with the effects of magnetic
fields without considering where they come from.
Today we
learn about sources of magnetic fields.

Today’s agendum:
Magnetic Fields Due To A Current.
You must be able to calculate the magnetic field due to a moving charged
particle.

Biot-Savart “Law.”
You must be able to use the Biot-Savart “Law” to calculate the magnetic field of
a current-carrying conductor (for example: a long straight wire).

66
But first, a note on the right hand rule.
I personally find the three-fingered axis 
system often (but not always) to be the 
mostuseful.  
“In F =IL B andF =qv B does it matter 
which finger I use for what?”
  
F =IL B F =qv B

    
   
No, as long
  
as you keep
  
the right
order. All   
three of
these will 67
 
This works: 


This doesn’t:  Switching only two is
 wrong!

“The right-hand rule is unfair! Physics is discriminating

against left-handers!”

No, you can get the same results with left-hand axes
and left hand rules. See this web page.
68
Today’s agendum:
Magnetic Fields Due To A Current.
You must be able to calculate the magnetic field due to a moving charged
particle.

Biot-Savart “Law.”
You must be able to use the Biot-Savart “Law” to calculate the magnetic field of
a current-carrying conductor (for example, a long straight wire).

69
Biot-Savart “Law”: magnetic field of a current
element
Let’s start with the magnetic field of a moving charged
particle.
r It is experimentally
B observed that a
moving point charge q
gives rise to a
r̂ magnetic field
v  μ qv 
+ rˆ
B= 0
2
.
4π r

0 is a constant, and its value is

0=4x10-7 T·m/A

Remember: the direction of r is always from the source point (the thing 70
that causes the field) to the field point (the location where the field is
being measured.
Example: proton 1 has a speed v0 (v0<<c) and is
moving along the x-axis in the +x direction. Proton 2
has the same speed and is moving parallel to the x-
axis in the –x direction, at a distance r directly above
the x-axis. Determine the electric and magnetic forces
on proton 2 at the instant the protons pass closest to
each other. y
This is example 28.1 in your text.
FE
The electric force is v0
2
 1 q1q2 ˆ E
FE = 2
r r
4  r
r̂
1
 1 e2 ˆ v0 x
FE = 2
j
4  r
z 71
At the position of proton 2 there is a magnetic field due
to proton 1.
 
  q1v1 rˆ
B1 =
4 r2

   ev0ˆi ˆj y
B1 =
4 r2
FE
   ev0 ˆ v0
2
B1 = 2
k
4 r
B1 r
r̂
1
v0 x

z 72
Proton 2 “feels” a magnetic force due to the magnetic
field of proton 1.
 
FB =q2v2 B1

    ev0 ˆ 
ˆ
FB =ev0  i   
 4 r
2
k

y

FE
  e2v2 v0 FB
FB =  2 0 ˆj
2
4 r
B1 r
What would proton 1 “feel?” r̂
Caution! Relativity overrules Newtonian mechanics! 1
However, in this case, the force is “equal & opposite.” v0 x

z 73
Both forces are in the +y direction. The ratio of their
magnitudes is
   e2v20 
 2 
FB  4 r 
=
FE  1 e2 
 2  y
 4   r 
FE
FB v0 FB
=     v20 2
FE
B1 r
Later we will find that r̂
1
v0 x
1
 = 2
c
z 74
 FB v20
Thus = 2
FE c

If v0=106 m/s, then

FB
=
10 
6 2

1.1110-5

FE 3108 2 y

Don’t you feel sorry for the FE

poor, weak magnetic force? v0 FB
2

B1 r
r̂
1
v0 x

z 75
Today’s agendum:
Magnetic Fields Due To A Current.
You must be able to calculate the magnetic field due to a moving charged
particle.

Biot-Savart “Law.”
You must be able to use the Biot-Savart “Law” to calculate the magnetic field of
a current-carrying conductor (for example, a long straight wire).

76
From the equation for the magnetic field of a moving
charged particle, it is “easy” to show that a current I in
a little length dl of wire gives rise to a little bit of
magnetic field.

r 
 μ I drˆ
dB dB= 0
4π r2

r̂ I The Biot-Savart
“Law”
If you like to be more precise in your language,
dl substitute “an infinitesimal” for “a little length” and
“a little bit of.”
I often use ds instead of dl because the script l does
not display very well.


r =r rˆ .
You may see the equation written using
77
Applying the Biot-Savart “Law”

 μ I ds rˆ 
r
dB  dB= 0 where ˆ
r =
4π r2 r
r
 μ 0 I ds sin θ
dB=
r̂ 4π r2
ds 
B= dB
I

78
Example: calculate the magnetic field at point P due to
a thin straight wire of length L carrying a current I. (P is
on the perpendicular bisector of the wire at distance a.)

y  μ I ds rˆ
P dB= 0
 dB 4π r2
r
a 
ds rˆ =ds sinθ kˆ
r̂  x
 μ 0 I ds sinθ
ds z dB=
x I 4π r2
L
ds is an infinitesimal quantity in the direction of dx, so
μ 0 I dx sinθ
dB=
4π r2 79
 a μ 0 I dx sinθ
sinθ = r = x2 +a2 dB=
r 4π r2

y
P μ 0 I dx a μ 0 I dx a
 dB dB= =
4π r 3
4π x2 +a2 3/2
r
a
r̂  x L/2μ 0 I dx a
 B= 
ds z
I
-L/2 4π
x +a 
2 2 3/2

x
L μ 0I a L/2 dx
4π 
B=
-L/2
x +a 
2 2 3/2

80
 μ 0I a L/2 dx
4π 
y B=
P
 dB
-L/2
x +a 
2 2 3/2

r
a look integral up in tables, use
the web,or use trig
r̂  x
 substitutions
z dx x
ds  x2 +a2 3/2 = a2 x2 +a2 1/2
x
I    
L
L/2

μ 0I a x
B=
4π a2 x2 +a2 1/2
-L/2

 
μ 0I a  L/2 -L/2 
= 
4π  a2 L/22 +a2 1/2 
   
1/2
a -L/2 +a
2 2 2
  81
 y  
P μ 0I a  2L/2 
 dB B=
4π  a2 L2/4+a2  
1/2
r  
a
r̂  x μ 0I L 1
 B=
ds z 4πa L2/4+a2 1/2
I
x
μ 0I L 1
B=
2πa L2 +4a2

μ 0I 1
B=
2πa 4a2
1+ 2
L
82
 y
P
 dB
r μ 0I 1
a B=
2πa 4a2
r̂  x 1+ 2
 L
ds z
I
x

μ 0I
When L, B= .
2πa

μ 0I
or B=
2πr

83
Magnetic Field of a Long Straight Wire

We’ve just derived the equation for the

magnetic field around a long, straight I
wire*
μ0 I
B=
2πr
B
with a direction given by a “new” right- r
hand rule.

*Don’t use this equation unless you have a long, straight wire!
84
Looking “down” along the wire: B
I
The magnetic field is not
constant.

At a fixed distance r from the wire, the magnitude

of the magnetic field is constant.

The magnetic field direction is always tangent to

the imaginary circles drawn around the wire, and
perpendicular to the radius “connecting” the wire
and the point where the field is being calculated.

85
Today’s agendum:

Force Between Current-Carrying Conductors.

You must be able to begin with starting equations and calculate forces between
current-carrying conductors.

Magnetic Fields Due To A Current Loop.

You must be able to apply the Biot-Savart “Law” to calculate the magnetic field
of a current loop.

86
Magnetic Field of a Current-Carrying Wire

It is experimentally observed that parallel wires exert

forces on each other when current flows.

I1 I2 I1 I2

F12 F21 F12 F21

   

“Knowledge advances when Theory does battle with Real Data.”—Ian

87
Redmount
We showed that a long straight wire carrying a
current I gives rise to a magnetic field B at a I
distance r from the wireμgiven
I by
B= 0
2πr B
r
The magnetic field of one wire exerts a force on
a nearby current-carrying wire.
The magnitude of the force depends
d on the two currents, the length of
I1 I2 the wires, and the distance between
L them. μ0 I1 I 2 L
F12 F21 F =
2πd
The wires are electrically
  neutral, so this is not a
Coulomb force.
Remember, the direction of the field is given by another (different) right-hand rule: grasp the wire and point the
88
thumb of your right hand in the direction of I; your fingers curl around the wire and show the direction of the
magnetic field.
Example: use the expression for B due to a current-
carrying wire to calculate the force between two
current-carrying wires.
 d
F12 =I 1L1 B2
I1 I2
ˆB = μ 0 I 2 kˆ L
2 F12
2πd
 B2 
ˆ μ0 I 2 ˆ
F12 =I 1Lj  k y
2πd L1 L2
 
 μ 0 I 1I 2L ˆ
F12 = i
2πd x

F12 μ 0 I 1I 2 ˆ
The force per unit length of wire is = i.
L 2πd
89
  d
F21 =I 2L2 B1
I1 I2
 μ0 I1 ˆ L
B1 =- k F12 F21
2πd
  B1
ˆ  μ0 I1 ˆ 
F21 =I 2Lj   k y
 2πd  L1 L2
 
 μ 0 I 1I 2L ˆ
F21 =- i
2πd x

F21 μ 0 I 1I 2 ˆ
The force per unit length of wire is=- i.
L 2πd
90
If the currents in the wires are in the opposite direction,
the force is repulsive.

d
I1 I2
L
F12 F21

y
L1 L2
 

91
 μ 0 I 1I 2L
F12 =F21 =
2πd d
I1 I2
4π 10-7 I 1I 2L -7 L
F12 =F21 = =210 I 1I 2 F12 F21
2πd d

The official definition of the Ampere:

L1 L2
1 A is the current that produces a
force of 2x10-7 N force per meter of  
length between two long parallel
wires placed 1 meter apart in empty
space.

92
Today’s agendum:

Force Between Current-Carrying Conductors.

You must be able to begin with starting equations and calculate forces between
current-carrying conductors.

Magnetic Fields Due To A Current Loop.

You must be able to apply the Biot-Savart “Law” to calculate the magnetic field
of a current loop.

93
 Magnetic Field of a Current Loop
A circular ring of radius a carries a current I as shown.
Calculate the magnetic field at a point P along the axis
of the ring at a distance x from its center.

Complicated y
diagram! You are
dl
supposed to I r̂ dB
  dBy
visualize the ring r

90-
a
lying in the yz
dl is in the yz r̂ 90- 
plane. x
plane. r is in the xy x P dBx
z
plane and
 is
drˆ =d. to
perpendicular
dl. Thus
Also, dB must lie in the xy plane (perpendicular to dl)
and is also perpendicular to r. 94
 
 μ I drˆ y
dB= 0
4π r2
dl
I r̂ dB
  dBy
μ 0 I d r

90-
dB= a
4π r2 90-  x
x P dBx
μ 0 I d z
dB=
4π x2  a2 

μ 0 I d μ 0 I d a
dBx = cos =
4π x  a 
2 2
4π x2  a2  x2  a2 1/2

μ 0 I d μ 0 I d x
dBy = sin =
4π x  a 
2 2
4π x2  a2  x2  a2 1/2

By symmetry, By will be 0. Do you see why? 95

 y

I dl

r̂ r dBy
dBz x
x P dBx
z

When dl is not centered at z=0, there will be a z-

component to the magnetic field, but by symmetry Bz
will still be zero.

96
 y
μ 0 I a d
dBx =
4π x2  a2 3/2 dl
r̂ dB
I   dBy
r

90-
a
90-
Bx = dBx
ring
x

P dBx
x

I, x, and a are constant as you integrate around the

ring!
μ0 Ia μ0 Ia
Bx = 
4π x2  a2  ring
3/2
d =
4π x2  a2 3/2
2a

μ 0 I a2
Bx =
2 x  a2 2 3/2
 97
 y
At the center of
the ring, x=0. dl
I r̂ dB
  dBy
r

90-
μ 0 I a2 a
Bx,center =
2a 
2 3/2 90-  x
x P dBx
z

μ 0 I a2 μ0 I
Bx,center = 3
=
2a 2a

For N tightly packed concentric rings (a coil)

…
μ0 N I
Bx,center =
2a
98
 Magnetic Field at the center of a Current
Loop
A circular ring of radius a lies in the xy plane and carries
a current I as shown. Calculate the magnetic field at
the center of the loop.

One-page derivation, so you x

won’t have to go through all
dl
the above steps (to be I
worked at the blackboard)!
a

The direction of the magnetic z

field will be different if the y
plane of the loop is not in the
xy plane.
I’ll explain the “funny”
orientation of the axes in
lecture. 99
Today’s agendum:
Ampere’s “Law.”
You must be able to use Ampere’s “Law” to calculate the magnetic field for
high-symmetry current configurations.

Solenoids.
You must be able to use Ampere’s “Law” to calculate the magnetic field of
solenoids and toroids. You must be able to use the magnetic field equations
derived with Ampere’s “Law” to make numerical magnetic field calculations for
solenoids and toroids.

100
 Ampere’s “Law”
Just for kicks, let’s evaluate the line
integral along the direction of B over a I
closed circular path around a current-
carrying wire.

B d s Bds B2r  B ds
 
B ds r
   o I 
B d s  2r  2r   o I
The above calculation is only for the special case of a
long straight wire, but you can show that the result is
valid in general.
101
  
B d s  o I Ampere’s
“Law”
I is the total current that passes through a surface
bounded by the closed (and not necessarily circular)
path of integration.
Ampere’s “Law” is useful for calculating the magnetic
field due to current configurations that have high
symmetry.
The current I passing through a loop is positive if the
direction of integration is the same as the direction of B
from the right hand rule.

I I

positive I negative I
B ds B ds
r r 102
  
Your text writes B d s  o I encl

because the current that you use is the current

“enclosed” by the closed path over which you integrate.
  d E
B d s  o Iencl  o dt
General form of Ampere’s “Law”:
The reason for the 2nd term on the right will become apparent later. Ignore it for
now.

If your path includes more than one source of current,

add all the currents (with correct sign).

  I1
B d s  o I1  I 2 
I2 ds
103
Example: a cylindrical wire of radius R
carries a current I that is uniformly I
distributed over the wire’s cross section.
Calculate the magnetic field inside and R
outside the wire.
Cross-section of the wire:
 direction of
I
B
R
r

   
r 2 r2
B d s  o Iencl  o I R 2  o I R 2
 
104
Over the closed circular path r:
   direction of

B d s Bds B2r 
I
B
R
Solve for B: r
r2
2πrB= μ 0 I 2
R

r2 r μ0 I
B= μ 0 I 2
=μ0 I 2
= 2
r
2πrR 2πR 2πR

B is linear in r.

105
Outside the wire:
   direction of

B d s Bds B2r   o I
I

R
μ0 I
B= A lot easier than
using the Biot-Savart
2πr “Law”! r
(as expected).
B
Plot:

R r

106
 Calculating Electric and Magnetic Fields

Electric Field Magnetic Field

in general: Coulomb’s “Law” in general: Biot-Savart

“Law”
for high symmetry
configurations: Gauss’ for high symmetry
“Law” configurations: Ampere’s
“Law”
This analogy is rather flawed because Ampere’s “Law”
is not really the “Gauss’ “Law” of magnetism.”

107
Today’s agendum:
Ampere’s “Law.”
You must be able to use Ampere’s “Law” to calculate the magnetic field for
high-symmetry current configurations.

Solenoids.
You must be able to use Ampere’s Law to calculate the magnetic field of
solenoids and toroids. You must be able to use the magnetic field equations
derived with Ampere’s “Law” to make numerical magnetic field calculations for
solenoids and toroids.

108
 Magnetic Field of a Solenoid

A solenoid is made of many loops of wire, packed

closely together. Here’s the magnetic field from a single
loop of wire:

Some images in
this section are
from hyperphysics
.

109
Stack many loops to make a solenoid:

This ought to remind you of the magnetic field of a bar magnet.

110
 

B 
 I
 

l
You can use Ampere’s “Law” to calculate the magnetic
field of a solenoid.
        
B ds B d s  B d s  B d s  B d s
1 2 3 4

B ds  B  0  0  0   o Iencl
N is the number of
B = μ 0 N I loops enclosed by our
surface. 111
 

B 
 I
 

l

N Magnetic field of a solenoid

B= μ 0 I
 of length l , N loops, current
I. n=N/l (number of turns
B= μ 0 n I per unit length).

The magnetic field inside a long solenoid does not depend on the
position inside the solenoid (if end effects are neglected).
112
A toroid* is just a solenoid “hooked up” to itself.

B ds  o Iencl  o NI
 
B d s Bds B2r 
B 2πr  = μ 0 N I

μ0 N I Magnetic field
B= inside a toroid of
2πr N loops, current
I.

The magnetic field inside a toroid is not subject to end effects,

but is not constant inside (because it depends on r).

113
*Your text calls this a “toroidal solenoid.”
Example: a thin 10-cm long solenoid has a total of 400
turns of wire and carries a current of 2 A. Calculate the
magnetic field inside near the center.

N
B = μ0 I


 -7 T m  400
B =  4π ×10  2 A
 A  0.1 m

B = 0.01 T

114
 “Help! Too many similar starting equations!”
μ0 I
B= long straight
2πr
wire
use Ampere’s “Law” (or note the lack of
N)
μ0 N I
B= center of N loops of radius a
2a probably not a starting equation

N
B= μ 0 I solenoid, length l, N turns
 field inside a solenoid is constant

B= μ 0 n I solenoid, n turns per unit

length
field inside a solenoid is constant
μ0 N I
B= toroid, N loops
2πr field inside a toroid depends on position
(r)
“How am I going to know which is which on the next
exam?” 115