Chapter 5: Motivation and Emotion
5.1. Motivation
is an internal process in an
individual that arouses,
maintains and directs
behaviour towards a goal.
It is what moves people to
do what they do
Features of Motivation
Motivation has many
characteristics. Some of these
are:-
1. Motivation usually arouses
behaviour.
When a person or an
organism becomes motivated,
it/he will be more likely to
perform behaviour
2. Motivation also produces a consistent and
regular behaviour in an organism.
When a person becomes motivated he/she
becomes not only aroused to take action,
but also interested to show a behaviour
until a goal is achieved.
3. Motivation guides behaviour in a specific
ways that helps the person achieve his goal.
People become selective of the behaviour
they perform when they become
motivated
THEORIES( Approaches to ) OF
MOTIVATION
There are many causes of
behaviour. People perform
behaviour for a number of reasons.
Psychologists have been studying
the causes of behaviours and have
developed various theories that
explain the why( sources) of these
behaviours.
1. Incentive Theory( Pull theory)
The incentive theory of motivation focuses on
external factors to explain why behaviour occurs
The incentive theory is also sometimes known
as the pull theories of motivation.
2. Drive reduction Theory( Push theory)
The drive reduction theory of motivation states
that behaviours are a result of a biological
deficiency that must be reduced for biological
survival.
This theory is sometimes described as the push
theory of motivation since behaviour is pushed
towards goals by driving states within the
person or animal.
3. The instinct Theory
According to the instinct theory, behaviour is
a result of a natural tendency.
An instinct is an innate or unlearned
biological pattern of behaviour that occurs
uniformly across a species.
For example, human infants come in to the
world equipped with some unlearned
instincts such as crying, sucking.
Nest building, mating, migrating, protecting
in other species are examples of such
behaviours.
Are caused by biologically determined and
innate patterns.
4. Cognitive theory of Motivation
Suggest that motivation is a result of people’s
thoughts, beliefs ,expectations and goals.
Draw a key difference between Extrinsic and
Intrinsic Motivation
ExtrinsicMotivation
An extrinsic motivation involves
engaging in behaviour to obtain an
external reward or avoid punishment.
When a person becomes extrinsically
motivated he performs behaviour for
sake of getting what he wants.
Local Examples of Extrinsic Motivation
o ከተቀመጥኩበት -ከስፍራየ ቢያጣኝ
"አንቱ " ያለኝ ሁሉ -"አንቺ "ሊለኝ ቃጣኝ” (እቴጌ ጣይቱ)
o እገሌ ሞተ አሉ የልቤ ወዳጅ
የሚያበላኝ ጮማ እሚያጠጣኝ ጠጅ"
ሰው በሰውነቱ ( በእውቀቱ ስዩም)
የምግብ ቤት ባለቤት የሆነ ሰውየ :በደንበኞቹ መሀል ሲዘዋወር አንድ ዝነኛ ጋዜጠኛ
ይመለከታል:: ወድያው ባለቤትየው አስተናጋጂቱን ጠርቶ " እዛ ጥግ ላይ የተቀመጠው
ጋዜጠኛ ይታይሻል? ሂጅና የሚፈልገውን እየጠየቅሽ ተንከባከቢው!! ወጥ ካነሰው
ጨምሪለት!! እንዲያውም ለኔ ራት ከተሰራው ዶሮ አንድ ቅልጥም ብትሰጪው ደስ
ይለኛል:: ሲያንሰው ነው!! እንዴት ያለ የሰላ ጭንቅላት ያለው ሰው መሰለሽ!!! የስራ
ጫና የበዛበት ይመስላል:: ደሞ ትንሽ እንደደበረው ፊቱ ያስታውቃል:: እስቲ በኔ
ሂሳብ አንድ ብርጭቆ ወይን ቅጂለት :: ድብርቱን ያባርርለታል!!"
" የደበረው ዛሬ ከስራው ስለተጫረ ነው ! ምፅ!" አለች አስተናጋጂቱ::
"የምርሽን ነው?"
" አርሴማ ምስክሬ ናት "
የምግብ ቤቱ ባለቤት ድምፁን ከረር አድርጎ እንዲህ አለ: "እንደሱ አትይኝም
ታድያ!! ይበለው!! እንደ ስራውማ ቢሆን ከቢሮው ብቻ ሳይሆን ካገር መባረር
ነበረበት!! ይሄ ቀዳዳ!! የሽንትቤት አገልግሎት አይሰጡም እያለ ስንት ምግብ
ቤቶችን በማዘጋጃቤት እንዲታሸጉ አድርጉዋል መሰለሽ? ይሄ አሰልጥ!! በይ አጠገቡ
ቁሚና ብርጭቆና ማንኪያውን ወደ ቦርሳው እንዳይከት ባይነቁራኛ ተከታተይው::“
ሰውን በሰውነቱ መውደድ የሚባል ነገር በባህላችን ትርጉም አለው? :: ብዙ
ጊዜ:ለሰዎች ፍቅርና ርህራሄ ፍቅርና አክብሮት የምናሳየው ይጠቅሙናል ብለን ካሰብን
ነው:: ምንም አያመጡም ብለን የምናስባቸውን ሰዎች ማክበር ይቸግረናል:: ምንም
አይሰጡንም ብለን የምናስባቸውን ሰዎች መውደድ ያቅተናል::
"እገሌ ሞተ አሉ የልቤ ወዳጅ
የሚያበላኝ ጮማ እሚያጠጣኝ ጠጅ"
ብላ ያለቀሰቺው ሴትዮ እንባ ያፈሰሰችው ለአቶ እገሌ አይደለም:: ከአቶ እገሌ ሞት
ጋር አብሮ ለሚቀረው ጠጅ እና ጮማ ነው::እና አንዳንዴ :በግል ጥቅም ስሌት ላይ
ያልተመሰረተ የሰውም ሆነ ያገር ፍቅር ይኖር ይሆን እላለሁ?
በባህላችን ሹመት አጥብቀን እንወዳለን :: ካቶ ሀዲስ አለማየሁ በቀር ስልጣን
በሰፌድ ቀርቦለት "ይለፈኝ" ያለ በታሪክ አላቅም:: ሹመት ባይደርሰን እንኩዋን :
ልጆቻችንን "ተሾመ " ነጋሲ : ሞቱማ " እያልን በመሰየም ጥማችንን እናስታግሳለን ::
በሹም ፊት ሞገስ ለማግኘት እድሚያችንን ክብራችንን አንዳንዴም ህይወታችንን
እንገብራለን:: ለተሾመ ሰው ያለን አክብሮት ወደ አምልኮ የተጠጋ የሆነውን ያህል :
ለተሻረና ለተሸነፈ ሰው ርህራሄ አናቅም::
በታሪካችን: አንድ ሹም ከስልጣን ከወረደ ህይወቱን ያጣል:: ህይወቱን ባያጣ
የሰውነት ክብሩን ያጣል:: በምድር ላይ መኖሩን የሚያስጠላ ውርደት ይጠግባል::
በህይወት ተርፈው ስልጣን የለቀቁ አንዳንድ ነገስታት በከተማ ከመኖር በገዳም
መንነው መኖር
የሚመርጡት ለዚህ ይሆናል:: ለምሳሌ እቴጌ ጣይቱ በስልጣን ላይ በነበሩ
ጊዜ " እቴጌ ጣይቱ እቴጌ ብርሃን" እየተባሉ ይሞገሱ ነበር:: ከስልጣን
ከተወገዱ በሗላ አድመኛው ጃንሜዳ ላይ ተሰብስቦ እንዳይሸጡ
እንዳይለወጡ አድርጎ ዘለፋቸው::
እናም እቴጌይቱ ሲያስከብራቸው የኖረው ወንበራቸው እንጂ ሰብእናቸው
አለመሆኑን ሲባንኑ-
" ከተቀመጥኩበት -ከስፍራየ ቢያጣኝ
"አንቱ " ያለኝ ሁሉ -"አንቺ "ሊለኝ ቃጣኝ”
ብለው አንጎራጎሩ::
ተስፋ አንቁረጥ!! ሰውን በሰውነቱ ብቻ የሚገባውን ፍቅርና ክብር
የሚሰጡ ሰዎች ቁጥራቸው ይነስ እንጂ በየዘመኑ በየቦታው መኖራቸው
ያፅናናናል::
በድሮ ጊዜ ተደላ ጉዋሉ የተባለ ጌታ : አሉላ ተሰማ የተባለውን የስልጣን
ተፎካካሪውን ማርኮ ይዞ መንቆረር ገበያ ላይ አርባ ገረፈው::
ግርፊያውን ቆሞ እየተመለከተ ከሚዝናናው ገበያተኛ ማሃል - አንዲት
ልበ-ብሩህ ባላገር እንዲህ ብላ በግጥም ሀሳቡዋን ገለፀች::
"ከጮማው አልበላሁ ከጠጁም አልጠጣሁ
አላውቀው አያውቀኝ
አሉላ ተሰማ ቢቀጣ ጨነቀኝ"
ውለታ ሳይቆጥሩ: ሳይውቁን ሳናውቃቸው :የሚጨነቁልንን ያብዛልን!!
Intrinsic Motivation
Involves engaging in behaviours for
their own sake. A person with intrinsic
motivation performs behaviour out of
interest.
theact itself is rewarding or satisfying
in some internal manner
Biological Motives( Unlearned
Motives)
are also called survival motives for
they need to be satisfied to continue
to live. Ex: Hunger, thirst, need for
air, etc
Learned Motives
Are also called social motives
because they develop from social or
environmental interactions. They
develop as a result of societal
rewards and punishment.
5. Humanistic Theory of Motivation
( Abraham Maslow)
Abraham Maslow, a humanistic
psychologist, suggested that human
behaviour is influenced by a hierarchy
of five classes of needs or motives.
Needs or motives at the lowest level
of the hierarchy, he argues, must be
at least partially satisfied before
people can be motivated by higher
needs.
These motives or needs are ranked
and arranged according to their
importance to survival.
From the bottom to the top of
Maslow’s hierarchy, these five
motives are as follows:
Frustration
refers to a negative mental state caused by the
blocking of behaviour directed toward a goal. If
motives are frustrated or blocked, emotional
feelings and behaviour often result.
Sources of Frustration
1. Environmental Frustration
By making it difficult or impossible for a person
to attain a goal, environmental obstacles can
frustrate the satisfaction of motives.
An obstacle may be something physical, such as
a locked door or lack of money. Or it may be
people like your parents, teachers or police
officers who prevent you from achieving your
goals
2. Personal Frustration
Unattainable goals can be important
sources of frustration.
These are largely learned goals that
cannot be achieved because they are
beyond a person’s abilities
3. Conflict Produced Frustration
This occurs when the expression of one
motive interferes with the expression of
other motives. When people are caught
between a need to express different
conflicting motives, they experience
frustration
Conflict
refers to negative emotional
state (depression, anger,
anxiety, etc) that develop when
a person is unable to make a
choice between two or more
alternatives.
Types of Motivational Conflict
1. Approach –Approach Conflict
is a conflict between two positive
goals—goals that are equally
attractive at the same time.
An individual may be torn between
the idea of going to a political rally or
a movie which he likes to do equally.
2. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
This kind of conflict arises when a
person must select one of two
undesirable alternatives.
In this type of motivational conflict,
people are required to choose
between two negative goals which
they both dislike.
Such conflicts are capsuled in the
saying ‘’ caught between the devil
and the deep blue sea ‘’
3. Approach-Avoidance Conflict
This is a type of conflict in which a person is
both attracted and repelled by the same
goal object.
Because of the positive valence of the goal,
the person approaches it, but as it is
approached, the negative valence becomes
stronger.
In this type of conflict, a single decision
involves a positive and negative aspect.
The closer you are to something appealing,
the stronger your desire to approach it, the
closer you are to something unpleasant, the
stronger your desire to flee.
5.2. Emotions
Refer simply to feelings
A state of arousal involving
biological changes (brain
activation), expressive behaviour
and mental experience.
Basic Emotions
Defining characteristics
(features) of Emotion
1. Emotion has three levels or
components. These aspects of
emotion are the biological,
behavioural and cognitive.
A. The biological Level
( Component)
refers to the bodily and physical
changes that accompany certain
emotions
B. The Behavioral Level
( Component)
emotion refers to all the things we do
or the activities we perform under the
influence of a certain emotion.
The mechanisms of expressing emotion
like facial expressions, gestures, eye
contact, vocal qualities, etc are
behavioural components of emotions.
C. Cognitive Level ( Component)
it involves interpreting the subjective
feeling by giving it a label
2. Emotional experience elicits an
action tendency; a motivation to
behave in certain ways.
An individual who is under a certain
emotion is more likely to take
action.
3. Emotion is usually transitory. It
tends to have a relatively clear
beginning and end and a relatively
short duration.
4. Emotions differ in their magnitude and
pleasantness. Different emotions can be
felt in different magnitudes from time to
time.
Similarly, the same person may feel the
same emotion in different degrees of
strength in different situations.
5. Emotional experience is elicited partly
by the cognitive evaluation of a situation
and how that relates to our goals.
The same event may elicit different
emotions in different people depending
on their interpretation of the event.
6. Emotions and their expressions
facilitate communication between
and among people.
We are capable of understanding
the feelings of others and how we
should interact through the use of
non verbal cues like facial
expressions, body movements, etc.
Theories of Emotion
1. The James Lange theory of
Emotion
States that emotional experience is a
reaction to bodily events occurring as a
result of an external situation (“I feel
sad because I am crying”).
According to this theory of emotion,
you are not trembling because you are
frightened. Instead, you feel frightened
because you are trembling.
2. The Canon Bard theory of Emotion
Statethat emotion and physiological
arousal occur more or less at the same
time.
fear
and the bodily reactions are
experienced at the same time-not
one after the other
wefeel emotions and experience
physiological reactions such as
sweating, trembling, and muscle
tension simultaneously.
3. Schechter-Singer and Cognitive
Arousal
Theory
Schachter-Singer (1962) proposed that
two things have to happen before
emotion occurs: the physical arousal
and labeling of the arousal base on
cues from the surrounding environment.
