Fuzzy Logic: Extracting Fuzzy Models from

Data
• The fuzzy logic works on the levels of possibilities of input to achieve the definite
output.
Implementation
• It can be implemented in systems with various sizes and capabilities ranging from
small micro-controllers to large, networked, workstation-based control systems.
• It can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both.
Why Fuzzy Logic?
• Fuzzy logic is useful for commercial and practical purposes.
• It can control machines and consumer products.
• It may not give accurate reasoning, but acceptable reasoning.
• Fuzzy logic helps to deal with the uncertainty in engineering.
 • Membership functions allow you to quantify linguistic term
Fuzzy Logic: and represent a fuzzy set graphically. A membership function
for a
Membershi fuzzy set A on the universe of discourse X is defined as μA:X
→ [0,1].
p Function • Here, each element of X is mapped to a value between 0 and 1. It is
called membership value or degree of membership. It quantifies
the degree of membership of the element in X to the fuzzy set A.
• x axis represents the universe of discourse.
• y axis represents the degrees of membership in the [0, 1] interval.
• There can be multiple membership functions applicable to fuzzify
a numerical value. Simple membership functions are used as use of
complex functions does not add more precision in the output.
Fuzzy Logic: Extracting Fuzzy Models from Data

• In the boolean system truth value, 1.0 represents the absolute

truth value and 0.0 represents the absolute false value.
• But in the fuzzy system, there is no logic for the absolute truth
and absolute false value.
• But in fuzzy logic, there is an intermediate value too present
which is partially true and partially false.
Fuzzy Logic: Extracting Fuzzy Models from Data

Classical set
1. Classical set is a collection of distinct objects. For example, a set of students passing
grades.
2. Each individual entity in a set is called a member or an element of the set.
3. The classical set is defined in such a way that the universe of discourse is splitted into
two groups members and non-members. Hence, In case classical sets, no
partial membership exists.
4. Let A is a given set. The membership function can be use to define a set A is given by:
Fuzzy Logic: Extracting Fuzzy Models from Data

Fuzzy set:

1. Fuzzy set is a set having degrees of membership between 1 and 0. Fuzzy sets are
represented with tilde character(~). For example, Number of cars following traffic
signals at a particular time out of all cars present will have membership value
between [0,1].
2. Partial membership exists when member of one fuzzy set can also be a part of other
fuzzy sets in the same universe.
3. The degree of membership or truth is not same as probability, fuzzy truth
represents membership in vaguely defined sets.
4. A fuzzy set A~ in the universe of discourse, U, can be defined as a set of ordered
pairs
and it is given by
Fuzzy Logic: Extracting Fuzzy Models from Data

Common Operations on fuzzy sets: Given two Fuzzy sets A~ and B~

 Union : Fuzzy set C~ is union of Fuzzy sets A~ and B~ :

 Intersection: Fuzzy set D~ is intersection of Fuzzy sets A~ and

B~ :

 Complement: Fuzzy set E~ is complement of Fuzzy set

A~
 Algebraic sum:
 Algebraic:
 Algebraic product:
 Bounded sum:
 Bounded difference:
Fuzzy Set Example
• A=(x1,0.2)(x2,0.3)(x3,0.5)
• B=(x1,0.3)(x2,0.4),(x3,0.1)
• Find A union B
 Fuzzy Logic: ARCHITECTURE

It has four main parts as shown −

• Fuzzification Module − It transforms the
system
inputs, which are crisp numbers, into fuzzy sets.
• Knowledge Base − It stores IF-THEN
rules provided by experts.
• Inference Engine − It simulates the human
reasoning process by making fuzzy inference
on the inputs and IF-THEN rules.
• Defuzzification Module − It transforms the
fuzzy set obtained by the inference engine into
a crisp value.
Fuzzy Logic: Example- Air Conditioner
Fuzzy Logic: Extracting Fuzzy Models from
Data
Algorithm
• Define linguistic Variables and terms (start)
• Construct membership functions for them. (start)
• Construct knowledge base of rules (start)
• Convert crisp data into fuzzy data sets using membership functions.
(fuzzification)
• Evaluate rules in the rule base. (Inference Engine)
• Combine results from each rule. (Inference Engine)
• Convert output data into non-fuzzy values. (defuzzification)
Fuzzy Logic: Extracting Fuzzy Models from
Data
• Step 1 − Define linguistic variables and terms
• Linguistic variables are input and output
variables in the form of simple words or
sentences. For room temperature, cold, warm,
hot, etc., are linguistic terms.
• Temperature (t) = {very-cold, cold, warm,
very-warm, hot}
• Every member of this set is a linguistic term
and it can
cover some portion of overall temperature
values.
• Step 2 − Construct membership functions for
them
• The membership functions of temperature
Fuzzy Logic: Extracting Fuzzy Models from Data
RoomTemp.
Very_Cold Cold Warm Hot Very_Hot
• Step3 − Construct knowledge base /Target
rules Very_Cold No_Change Heat Heat Heat Heat
• Create a matrix of room temperature
values versus target temperature values Cold Cool No_Change Heat Heat Heat
that an air conditioning system is
expected to provide.
Warm Cool Cool No_Change Heat Heat

Hot Cool Cool Cool No_Change Heat

Very_Hot Cool Cool Cool Cool No_Change

• Build a set of rules into the knowledge
base in the form of IF-THEN-ELSE
structures. Sr. No. Condition Action

1 IF temperature=(Cold OR Very_Cold) AND target=Warm THEN Heat

2 IF temperature=(Hot OR Very_Hot) AND target=Warm THEN Cool

3 IF (temperature=Warm) AND (target=Warm) THEN No_Change

 Fuzzy Logic: Extracting Fuzzy Models from Data

• Step 4 − Obtain fuzzy value

• Fuzzy set operations perform
evaluation of rules. The operations
used for OR and AND are Max and Min
respectively. Combine all results of
evaluation to form a final result. This
result is a fuzzy value.
• Step 5 − Perform defuzzification
• Defuzzification is then performed
according to membership function for
output variable.
Fuzzy Logic: Extracting Fuzzy Models from
Data
Advantages of Fuzzy Logic System
• This system can work with any type of inputs whether it is imprecise, distorted or noisy input
information.
• The construction of Fuzzy Logic Systems is easy and understandable.
• Fuzzy logic comes with mathematical concepts of set theory and the reasoning of that is
quite simple.
• It provides a very efficient solution to complex problems in all fields of life as it resembles
human reasoning and decision-making.
• The algorithms can be described with little data, so little memory is required.
Disadvantages of Fuzzy Logic Systems
• Many researchers proposed different ways to solve a given problem through fuzzy logic which leads to
ambiguity. There is no systematic approach to solve a given problem through fuzzy logic.
• Proof of its characteristics is difficult or impossible in most cases because every time we do not get a
mathematical description of our approach.
• As fuzzy logic works on precise as well as imprecise data so most of the time accuracy is
compromised.
Fuzzy Logic: Extracting Fuzzy Models from
Data
Application
• It is used in the aerospace field for altitude control of spacecraft and satellites.
• It has been used in the automotive system for speed control, traffic control.
• It is used for decision-making support systems and personal evaluation in the
large company business.
• It has application in the chemical industry for controlling the pH, drying,
chemical distillation process.
• Fuzzy logic is used in Natural language processing and various
intensive applications in Artificial Intelligence.
• Fuzzy logic is extensively used in modern control systems such as
expert systems.
• Fuzzy Logic is used with Neural Networks as it mimics how a person
would make
decisions, only much faster. It is done by Aggregation of data and changing it
into more meaningful data by forming partial truths as Fuzzy sets.