GLOBAL ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY

[An Autonomous Institution Aided by Government of Karnataka Affiliated to

Belgaum]
Raja Rajeshwari Nagar ,Bengaluru 560098

UNDERSTANDING STRUCTURAL
BEHAVIOR UNDER GRAVITY AND
SEISMIC LOADS

Presented by
BHARATH J
[1GA24CSE02]
1ST YEAR MTech
 Introduction

Gravity Loads

Seismic Loads

Structural Response
Contents Comparison

Designing for Structural

Loads

Case Studies

Conclusion

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Understanding Design Considerations
Structural Loads and When designing structures, considerations such as
Their Types load paths, load combinations, and potential load
variations are crucial. These factors influence
Structural loads are the material choice, structural form, and overall safety
different kinds of forces that a
reliability.
building or structure has to
handle during its lifetime.
These can include the constant
weight of the structure itself Importance in Civil Engineering
(called dead loads), the Structural loads are critical in determining the
changing weight from people, integrity and safety of constructions. Engineers
furniture, or vehicles (known as must accurately analyze and account for these
live loads), and environmental
loads to prevent failure throughout a structure's
forces like wind, earthquakes,
lifecycle.
or temperature changes.
Knowing how these loads work
Overview of Gravity Loads

Components of Gravity Loads Effects on Structures

Gravity loads typically include dead Gravity loads can lead to

loads, which are permanent static deformation, bending, and shear

forces in structures.
loads from the structure itself, and
Understanding these effects is
live loads, which are variable loads
essential for ensuring that
from occupancy and usage over
structural components can safely
time.
support anticipated loads.

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Characteristics and Sources
Dead loads are permanent loads that include the
weight of structural elements, fixed equipment, and
other stationary components. They arise from
materials like concrete, steel, and masonry.

Calculation Methods
Calculation of dead loads involves determining the
weight of each structural component and summing
them. This includes measurements of area, volume,
and specific material densities.
Live Loads

Characteristics and Sources Calculation Methods Impact on Structural Design

Live loads are temporary, Determining live loads Live loads significantly
fluctuating loads that occur involves applying building influence structural design by
from occupancy, furniture, and codes that specify minimum dictating member sizes, load
movable equipment. They vary requirements based on the paths, and safety factors.
based on usage and can be type of occupancy and Engineers must account for
influenced by occupancy rates expected usage, which worst- case scenarios to
and types. ensures safety and reliability. avoid structural failure.

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Basics of Seismic Loads

Nature and Cause of Seismic Loads

Seismic loads are generated by the ground

motion during an earthquake, resulting from
tectonic plate movement, volcanic activity, or
human- induced vibrations, affecting structures
unevenly.

Earthquake Magnitude and Intensity

Magnitude measures the energy released at the

earthquake's source, while intensity assesses its
effect at specific locations, influencing the design
and resilience of structures.
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Seismic Load Impact
Dynamic Response of Seismic Design Criteria Building Codes and
Structures Standards
Seismic design criteria
Structures respond are guidelines that Building codes and
dynamically to seismic determine how structures standards dictate
loads through should be designed to construction practices,
oscillation, with varying withstand seismic forces, material selection, and
frequencies that can ensuring safety and engineering methods to
amplify or dampen functional performance minimize earthquake risks,
effects based on their during earthquakes. promoting safety in
design and materials. seismic- prone areas.
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Seismic Load Calculation
Methods of Analysis

Methods of analysis for seismic loads include linear static, dynamic analysis, and
response spectrum methods, each providing different insights into potential
structural responses.

Seismic Coefficients

Seismic coefficients are numerical values used in calculations to estimate the

expected seismic forces on structures, reflecting site conditions, building height,
and material types.

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 Elastic Behavior Under Gravity Loads
Stability and Load Distribution

This section discusses how structures maintain stability

while responding to gravity loads, analyzing how load
distribution affects overall structural integrity and
performance under static conditions.

Elastic Deformation

Elastic deformation refers to the reversible changes in

structure geometry under applied loads, ensuring that
once removed, the structure returns to its original state
without any permanent changes.

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ELASTIC BEHAVIOR UNDER SEISMIC LOADS

Dynamic Vibrations Mode Shapes and Natural Frequency

Dynamic vibrations Mode shapes describe the deformation

occur when a structure patterns of a structure during vibration,
experiences rapid while natural frequency determines how
changes in motion due structures oscillate, playing a critical role in
to seismic activity, seismic design and response to ground
affecting how it absorbs motion.
and dissipates energy
during an earthquake for
optimal response.
Plastic Deformation Under Gravity Loads Plastic Deformation Under Seismic Loads

Plastic deformation under gravity loads This segment focuses on the implications of
plastic deformation during seismic events,
investigates how structures deform
including how structures can sustain
irreversibly when exceeding their elastic
damage and the strategies for improving
limits, impacting their long- term
resilience without complete failure.
performance and safety.

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 DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR GRAVITY LOADS

Methods of Analysis

Methods of analysis for seismic loads include linear static,

dynamic analysis, and response spectrum methods, each
providing different insights into potential structural responses.

Seismic Coefficients

Seismic coefficients are numerical values used in calculations

to estimate the expected seismic forces on structures,
reflecting site conditions, building height, and material types.
Design Strategies for Seismic Loads

Damping Mechanisms

Base Isolation Techniques Damping systems absorb and Redundancy and Robustness
dissipate seismic energy. This

Base isolation involves reduces vibrations and Incorporating redundancy and

decoupling structures from enhances the resilience of robustness ensures that
ground motion to minimize structures against dynamic structures can withstand
seismic forces. This strategy loading caused by unexpected loads or failures. This
enhances safety and reduces earthquakes. design philosophy improves
potential damage during an overall safety and performance
earthquake. during seismic events.

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Case Study: Gravity Load Failure

Incident Description Failure Analysis

The gravity load failure case study The analysis details the contributing factors
to the failure, including design flaws,
examines a structure that experienced
material weaknesses, and inadequate load
significant collapse due to exceeding its
assessments that violated engineering
load capacity, resulting in severe
standards.
damage and injuries.

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Case Study: Seismic Load Failure

Incident Description Failure Analysis

This section focuses on an incident The failure analysis investigates the seismic
design deficiencies, construction
where a building failed to withstand
inconsistencies, and the lack of retrofitting
seismic forces during an earthquake,
measures that were crucial for earthquake
highlighting the critical moments
resilience.
leading to the structure's failure.

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 Lessons Learned
Improving Design Practices

Incorporating feedback and case studies has refined our

design practices, emphasizing user- centered approaches and
sustainability for more effective and innovative outcomes.

Innovations in Structural Engineering

Recent technological advancements and novel methodologies

have revolutionized structural engineering, allowing for safer,
more resilient structures that meet modern demands.

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 Future Directions
Advanced Materials

The exploration of new materials, such as composites and

smart materials, provides opportunities for enhanced
performance, durability, and sustainability in construction.

Improved Analytical Models

Developing sophisticated analytical models using AI and machine

learning can lead to more accurate predictions and optimizations in
engineering design processes, addressing complex challenges
effectively.

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