Gender

Mainstreaming
BY M. Munodawafa
 Defining Gender Mainstreaming
 Gender mainstreaming is a strategy and process to assess - through the use of a gender
analysis, which produces gender indicators and statistics - the implications of planned
policies and programmes.

 It recognizes the need to make the different (social and economic) experiences of men and
women an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of
these policies and programmes, to ensure fair results for women/girls and men/boys.
 Importance of Gender
mainstreaming
 A society’s well being depends on ensuring that all its members feel that they have a
stake in it and do not feel excluded from the mainstream.
 Every individual and all peoples are entitled to participate in, contribute to and enjoy
civil, economic, social, cultural and political development in which all human rights and
fundamental freedoms can be fully realized.
 This requires all groups, but particularly the most vulnerable, to have opportunities to
improve or maintain their well-being
 Importance of Gender
Mainstreaming
Gender Mainstreaming:
 is based on international human rights standards (CEDAW, Beijing Platform for Action,
SDGs) and directed to promoting and protecting these rights, whether in the social,
economic, political, civil or cultural spheres (or a combination of these).
 has the ability to identify those most marginalized and excluded in society, as a result of
the gender system.
 can enhance equitable development by empowering people and communities to take
their own decisions about what development means to them and how it will be achieved.
 is particularly useful in development planning due to its potential to alleviate injustice,
inequality and poverty.
 The goal is to achieve gender equality
 Gender Mainstreaming strategy

 Gender Mainstreaming is a globally accepted strategy for promoting gender equality.

Mainstreaming is not an end in itself but a strategy, an approach, a means to achieve
the goal of gender equality. Mainstreaming involves ensuring that gender
perspectives and attention to the goal of gender equality are central to all activities -
policy development, research, advocacy/ dialogue, legislation, resource allocation,
and planning, implementation and monitoring of programmes and projects.
 Origins of Gender
Mainstreaming

 Gender mainstreaming is a global strategy advocated by the United Nations

for the promotion of women's advancement and gender equality.
 It was established in the Beijing Platform for Action adopted at the United
Nations' Fourth World Conference on Women held in Beijing in 1995.
 Many countries, including Zimbabwe have since adopted gender
mainstreaming in their policy-making processes.
 Defining Gender
 Gender refers to the social roles that men and women play and the power relations
between them, which usually have a profound effect on the use and management of
natural resources.
 Gender is not based on sex, or the biological differences between men and women. Gender
is shaped by culture, social relations, and natural environments.
 Thus, depending on values, norms customs and laws men and women in different parts of
the world have evolved different gender roles.
 Gender roles of women and men include different labour responsibilities, decision-making
processes, and knowledge
 Gender is not only a socially constructed definition of women and men, it is a socially
constructed definition of the relationship between the sexes.
 Gender construction contains an unequal power relationship with male domination and
female subordination in most spheres of life.
 Men and the tasks, roles, functions and values contributed to them are valued – in many
aspects – higher than women and what is associated with them
Defining Gender Equity and Equality

Equality
 The state or condition that affords women and men equal enjoyment of human rights, socially
valued goods, opportunities and resources, allowing both sexes the same opportunities and
potential to contribute to, and benefit from, all spheres of society (economic, political, social,
and cultural).
 Gender equality means an equal visibility, empowerment and participation of both sexes in all
spheres of public and private life. Gender equality is the opposite of gender inequality, not of
gender difference, and aims to promote the full participation of women and men in society.
Gender Equity
 justice and fairness in the treatment of women and men in order to eventually achieve gender
equality, often requesting differential treatment of women and men (or specific measures) in
order to compensate for the historical and social disadvantages that prevent women and men
from sharing a level playing field.
 Empowerment

 Empowerment is a multi-dimensional social process that helps people gain control over their own lives. It
is a process that fosters power (that is, the capacity to implement) in people, for use in their own lives,
their communities, and in their society, by acting on issues that they define as important.
 It is easy to define empowerment by its absence but difficult to define in action as it takes on different
forms in different people and contexts. Even defining the concept is subject to debate. (Rappoport, 1984)
 Empowerment is multi-dimensional, social, and a process.
 It is multi-dimensional in that it occurs within sociological, psychological, economic, and other dimensions.
 Empowerment also occurs at various levels, such as individual, group, and community.
 Empowerment, by definition, is a social process, since it occurs in relationship to others.
 Empowerment is a process that is similar to a path or journey, one that develops as we work through it.
 Other aspects of empowerment may vary according to the specific context and people involved, but these
remain constant.
 Gender roles

 Gender roles are based on the different expectations that individuals, groups, and
societies have of individuals based on their sex and based on each society's values
and beliefs about gender.
 Gender roles are the product of the interactions between individuals and their
environments, and they give individuals cues about what sort of behavior is
believed to be appropriate for what sex.
 Appropriate gender roles are defined according to a society's beliefs about
differences between the sexes.
 Gender Power Relations

 Gender roles are power relations

 Gender power relations imply a conventional approach of males having a superior
advantage over females in a workplace environment due to more senior positions held by
males.
 Gender dynamics refer to the relationships and interactions between and among people,
based on gender. Gender dynamics are informed by socio-cultural ideas about gender and
the power relationships that define them.
 Implications include potential or actual abuse of power and unethical behaviors such as
harassment, abuse, or worse assault.
 Feminist Approaches -Why use a
Feminist Lens to Development?
 To enable the discovery of how people interact within systems and possibly offer solutions to confront and eradicate
oppressive systems and structures.
 Feminist theory considers the lived experience of any person/people, not just women, with an emphasis on
oppression.
 Kimberlé Crenshaw -An intersectional lens allows us to understand that different aspects of an individual’s identity
result in different lived experiences.
 It was first applied to the intersection of race and gender as an acknowledgment and examination of how black
women experience life differently due to these intersecting identity traits.
 Intersectional feminism has two overarching applications in development.
 At the micro level, it allows us to explore individual identity, and to identify and react to the ways in which different
characteristics affect people and their needs.
 We are able to dive deeper into the ways that gender, in particular, interacts with race, ethnicity, religion, social
norms, economic status, employment, education, environmental action, (dis)ability, age, political affiliation and
participation, and more.
 Understanding how these elements impact and influence each other allows us to better identify and address how
challenges are compounded, how needs are best met, and how communities can be effectively empowered.
 Feminist Approaches to
Mainstreaming
Women in Development (WID)
• The international community realized that they needed to start addressing gender issues, they
responded by developing and implementing what became known as the Women in
Development, or WID, approach
• A development approach focusing on improving the status of women in developing countries.
• Analysis focused on women only
• Programs exclusively for women
• The WID approach calls for the inclusion of women in development planning and decision-
making, as well as for the design of policies and programs that address the specific needs and
rights of women.
• It also emphasizes the importance of building women’s capacity and empowering them to
participate in development.
• Instead of being mainstreamed and integrated, women were, in fact, often sidelined and
marginalized
Principles of the WID Approach

 Gender equality: The WID approach recognizes that gender equality is an essential
component of sustainable development and seeks to address the systemic inequalities
that disadvantage women and girls.
 Empowerment of women: The WID approach seeks to empower women by promoting
their active participation in all aspects of development, including decision-making
processes, and by addressing the social, economic, and political barriers that limit their
agency.
 Recognition of women’s rights: The WID approach advocates for the recognition and
protection of women’s rights, including their reproductive rights, their rights to education
and employment, and their rights to participate in public life.
 Integration of a gender perspective: The WID approach emphasizes the importance
of integrating a gender perspective into all development policies and programs, in order
to ensure that the needs and priorities of both women and men are taken into account.
 Capacity-building for women: The WID approach seeks to build the capacity of women
through education, training, and other forms of support, in order to enable them to fully
participate in development processes and to realize their full potential.
Successes of the WID Approach

 Increased awareness of gender inequality: The WID approach has

contributed to an increased awareness of the importance of gender equality in
development, and has helped to bring issues such as women’s empowerment and
reproductive rights to the forefront of the development agenda.
 Improved access to education and employment: The WID approach has led
to greater access to education and employment for women in many countries,
which has in turn contributed to increased economic opportunities and
independence for women.
 Greater participation in decision-making: The WID approach has helped to
increase the participation of women in decision-making at all levels, including in
local communities, national governments, and international organizations.
 Enhanced livelihoods: The WID approach has contributed to the enhancement
of livelihoods for women in many parts of the world, through initiatives such as
microfinance programs and entrepreneurship support.
Challenges with WID Approach

 Resistance to change: There has been resistance to the WID approach in some
quarters, particularly from those who view it as a threat to traditional gender
roles and power dynamics.
 Limited resources: The WID approach has often been underfunded, which has
limited its ability to achieve its goals and to scale up successful initiatives.
 Lack of gender-disaggregated data: There has often been a lack of accurate
and comprehensive data on the situation of women and girls, which has made it
difficult to measure the impact of the WID approach and to identify areas in need
of improvement.
 Limited institutional support: There has often been a lack of institutional
support for the WID approach, both within governments and international
organizations, which has made it difficult to mainstream a gender perspective
into development policies and programs.
 Women and Development Approach
(WAD)
 The women and development (WAD) approach originated back in 1975 in Mexico city, as it
sought to discuss women’s issues from a neo-Marxist and dependency theory perspective.
 WAD arose out of a shift in thinking about women's role in development
 Its focus was to “explain the relationship between women and the process of capitalist
development in terms of material conditions that contribute to their exploitation”
 WAD focuses specifically on the relation between patriarchy and capitalism.
 The WAD perspective states that women have always participated and contributed towards
economic development, regardless of the public or private spheres.
 The WAD approach suggests that there be women-only development projects that were
theorized to remove women from the patriarchal hegemony that would exist if women
participated in development alongside men in a patriarchal culture, though this concept has
been heavily debated by theorists in the field.
 In this sense, WAD is differentiated from WID by way of the theoretical framework upon which it
was built. Rather than focus specifically on women's relationship to development, WAD focuses
on the relationship between patriarchy and capitalism.
 WAD Approach continued….

 The WAD paradigm stresses the relationship between women, and the work that they perform in their
societies as economic agents in both the public and domestic spheres.
 It also emphasizes the distinctive nature of the roles women play in the maintenance and development
of their societies, with the understanding that purely the integration of women into development efforts
would serve to reinforce the existing structures of inequality present in societies overrun by patriarchal
interests.
 In general, WAD is thought to offer a more critical conceptualization of women's position compared to
WID
 The WAD approach emphasizes the distinctive nature of women's knowledge, work, goals, and
responsibilities, as well as advocating for the recognition of their distinctiveness.
 This fact, combined with a recognized tendency for development agencies to be dominated by
patriarchal interests, is at the root of the women-only initiatives introduced by WAD subscribers
 Challenges with WAD Approach

 Some of the common critiques of the WAD approach include concerns that the women-only development
projects would struggle, or ultimately fail, due to their scale, and the marginalized status of these women.
 Furthermore, the WAD perspective suffers from a tendency to view women as a class, and pay little
attention to the differences among women (such as feminist concept of intersectionality), including race
and ethnicity, and prescribe development endeavors that may only serve to address the needs of a
particular group.
 While an improvement on WID, WAD fails to fully consider the relationships between patriarchy, modes of
production, and the marginalization of women.
 It also presumes that the position of women around the world will improve when international conditions
become more equitable.
 Additionally, WAD has been criticized for its singular preoccupation with the productive side of women's
work, while it ignores the reproductive aspect of women's work and lives.
 Therefore, WID/WAD intervention strategies have tended to concentrate on the development of income-
generating activities without taking into account the time burdens that such strategies place on women.
 Value is placed on income-generating activities, and none is ascribed to social and cultural reproduction. [2
 Gender and Development Approach
(GAD)
 The Gender and Development (GAD) approach focuses on the socially constructed
 Differences between men and women, the need to challenge existing gender roles and relations and the creation and effects of class
differences on development
 The approach was majorly influenced by the writings of academic scholars such as Oakley (1972) and Rubin (1975), who argue the social
relationship between men and women have systematically subordinated women
 They state that colonialism imposed more than a 'value system' upon developing nations, it introduced a system of economics 'designed to
promote capital accumulation which caused class differentiation
 GAD departs from WID, which discussed women's subordination and lack of inclusion in discussions of international development without
examining broader systems of gender relations
 Some practitioners working in the development field questioned focusing on women in isolation
 GAD challenged the WID focus on women as an important ‘target group and ‘untapped resources’ for development
 GAD marked a shift in thinking about the need to understand how women and men are socially constructed and how ‘those constructions
are powerfully reinforced by the social activities that both define and are defined by them.’ [
 GAD focuses primarily on the gendered division of labor and gender as a relation of power embedded in institutions. [
 Consequently, two major frameworks, ‘Gender roles’ and ‘social relations analysis’, are used in this approach
 Gender and Development
Approach continued….
 Gender roles' focuses on the social construction of identities within the household; it also reveals
the expectations from ‘maleness and femaleness in their relative access to resources.
 'Social relations analysis' exposes the social dimensions of hierarchical power relations
embedded in social institutions, as well as its determining influence on ‘the relative position of
men and women in society-this relative positioning tends to discriminate against women.
 Unlike WID, the GAD approach is not concerned specifically with women, but with the way in
which a society assigns roles, responsibilities and expectations to both women and men.
 GAD applies gender analysis to uncover the ways in which men and women work together,
presenting results in neutral terms of economics and efficiency
 In an attempt to create gender equality (denoting women having the same opportunities as men,
including ability to participate in the public sphere),
 GAD policies aim to redefine traditional gender role expectations.
 Gender and Development
Approach

continued…
The GAD approach seeks to analyse the causes of gender inequality within the context of
relations between women and men and social structure, and to change stereotyped
division of labor as well as institutions and systems that bring about gender disparity.
 The GAD approach emphasizes empowerment of women who are economically and
socially disadvantaged, while paying due consideration to the role of men in eliminating
gender inequality.
 Since the "Fourth World Conference on Women" held in 1995, the international community
has attached importance to "gender mainstreaming" as a way of firmly establishing the
GAD approach.
GAD Principles and Approaches

 work on practical and strategic levels to bring about change in gender

relations;
 work in a participatory way with men and women—making sure to involve
men because it takes men as well as women to change gender relations;
and
 take a broader, historically-informed view of gender relations and its social
context—it hasn’t grown up yesterday, nor will it be changed overnight.
 GAD proponents differentiate between women’s practical needs and
strategic needs.
 GAD Addressing Practical Gender
Needs

(PGNs)
Practical needs arise from the actual conditions which women and men experience because of the
gender roles assigned to them in society.
 Practical gender needs relate to basic needs like shelter, water, work, etc and these needs if not met
lead to inequalities. For example, women (unlike men) would have to travel long distances to get water
for their families
 practical gender needs refer to ‘what women require in order to fulfil their roles and tasks which
include:
 improved male and female access to information about how to protect their own health and that of
their family and community;
 improved female access to relevant training and education;
 PGNs continued….

 Improved male and female access to reasonable health services;

 Improved support from government, NGOs, community males etc to those in
household and community- caring roles;
 Encouragement of increased male involvement in some female activities (such as
community support roles) enabling women to spend more time in other female
activities’ (such as household production and reproduction activities);
 Subsistence opportunities including access to land, supplies, tools, capital and
convivial cooperation; access to income-generating opportunities, for example,
through grant or loan schemes; reasonable access to clean drinking water and
appropriate sanitation.
 Strategic Gender Needs (SGNs)

 What women or men require in order to improve their position or status in regard to each other by placing them in
greater control of themselves instead of limiting them to the restrictions imposed by socially defined roles/
 Strategic needs are the needs required to overcome the subordinate position of women to men in society, and relate
to the empowerment of women. These also could include:
 Improved skills in negotiating productive and reproductive issues with husband or boyfriends, including safe sex;
 Challenging cultural stereotypes unfair to women such as: females regarded as inferior and subordinate to males;
females blamed for male promiscuity—woman as temptress to innocent man; male promiscuity widely tolerated,
female promiscuity widely condemned;
 The strategic gender needs should be understood from the lens of women’s status in the society. The policies and
programmes that promote inheritance to property and equality in political participation (in the highest forums) could
be seen as a few examples.
 They are long-term (i.e. they aim to improve positions); they also intend to remove restrictions, and are less visible
as they seek to change attitudes.
 Examples of addressing SGNs include actions such as giving rights to land, inheritance, credit and financial services;
increasing participation of women in decision-making; creating equal opportunities to employment (equal pay for
equal work); and improving social systems.
 SGNs continued…..

 In-laws blaming wives for family problems; double standards about leisure time—OK for men to
spent lots of time drinking, socializing etc. but not women.
 Redefining female and male roles such as females as servants; females as housekeepers;
females as child-rearers;
 Females as main nurturers and carers in household and community— encouraging men to
engage in formerly-defined female roles to broaden their development, and encouraging women
to engage in formerly defined male roles to broaden their development;
 Challenging social, economic and legal status and power of females and males in areas such as:
unequal inheritance rights or customs;
 Imbalance in decision-making making power at all levels; discrimination against women in labor
markets;
 Promoting women’s participation in primary, secondary, tertiary education and vocational
training, among other things, to increase their access to formal public-sector and private-sector
labor market (wage-labor sectors as distinct from petty-trading and peasant farming).
 Gender Mainstreaming Process

Wankiewicz, Heidrun. (2014). How can “gender planning” contribute to tackle

the challenges of demographic change?. European Countryside. 6.
10.2478/euco-2014-0006.
 Tools for Mainstreaming
Gender Analysis Frameworks

(Purposes)
What women do will have an impact on most projects whether or not women are considered
explicitly in their design and implementation.
 The purpose of gender analysis is to determine gender disparity. This knowledge can then be
incorporated into gender-responsive programming with positive measures taken to level the
playing field.
 Similarly, most projects will have an effect on women's lives.
 Through a gender analysis it will be possible to understand current gender inequalities in a
given situation or sector and to formulate certain projects or programmes in a way that they
address and redress the situation (European Commission, 2009)
 Gender analysis is the basis for gender mainstreaming. It determines whether besides gender
mainstreaming there is a need for specific actions for women.
 Gender Analysis Framework
Purposes continued..
 A gender analysis helps to interpret inequalities and differences, and understand
better their root causes.
 Gender inequalities need to be identified before they can be addressed through
either mainstreaming procedures or specific measures directed to women or to
men
 It is be based on an examination of statistics disaggregated by sex and
qualitative information about the situation of men and women.
 An analysis of gender issues must also recognize the other diversity issues which
affect all members of society, such as age, ethnicity and socioeconomic
conditions, since neither women nor men form a homogeneous group
 Different gender analysis frameworks have been developed and they all ask
questions about differences between men and women in a given population.
 Harvard Gender Roles Framework

 This framework is one of the first frameworks for gender analysis.

 It is based on an efficiency approach, an economic case for allocating resources to women as well
as men.
 It mainly examines women’s and men’s activity profiles, the differences in access and control over
resources.
 It focuses on the roles of women and men, rather than on transformatory measures to achieve
gender equality.
 The Harvard framework was first designed to demonstrate that there is an economic case for
allocating resources to women and to men, recognizing that gender equality provides economic
benefits.
 It aims to help planners design more efficient projects to improve their overall productivity.
 The process involves mapping the work and resources of men and women in a community, and
highlighting the main differences.
 Strengths

 Collects and organizes information about the gender division of labor;

 Makes women’s work visible;
 Distinguishes between access and control; and
 Supports projects at the local level.
 Weaknesses

 Focuses on efficiency rather than equality;

 Pays more attention to material resources than to social relationships; and
 Can be carried out in a non- participatory way.
 Moser Framework (Gender Planning-
Practical and Strategic Gender Needs)
 Developed by Caroline Moser
 aims to set up gender planning as a form of planning in its own right.
 It is based on ideas of gender equity and women’s empowerment and examines women's
productive, reproductive and community management roles in society.
 It identifies disparities in practical and strategic gender needs.
 Practical needs are immediate needs necessary to ensure safety, heath, and basic needs, such as
water, sanitation, health care, etc.
 These do not fundamentally transform gender discriminatory power structures.
 Strategic needs, on the other hand, forward women’s equality and empowerment by challenging
those power structures, such as having equitable laws, living free from domestic violence, etc.
 It helps categorize policy responses, although not all policy responses fit neatly into these
categories and some policies may contain elements of different categories.
 Its purpose is to support strategies to integrate gender in all types of interventions and to compare
the power relations in organizations, communities and institutions.
Moser Framework Continued….

Intends to help planners:

 Identify the gender roles;

 Assess the gender needs;
 Understand the differential control of resources and decision-making within
the household; and
 Balance the triple roles of women (i.e. productive, reproductive and
community).
 Strengths

 Can be used for planning in different settings;

 Challenges unequal gender relations;
 Supports women’s empowerment;
 Recognizes the institutional and political resistance to transforming
gender relations; and
 Alerts planners to the existing interrelationship between productive,
reproductive and community work.
 Weaknesses

 Looks at separate activities rather than the interrelated activities of

women and men;
 Does not address other forms of inequality (e.g. race, class); and
 Is of limited help in practice given the strict division between practical
and strategic needs.
 Longwe
Women’s Empowerment Framework
 The women's empowerment framework was developed by Longwe, and its goal is to
achieve women’s empowerment by enabling women to achieve equal control over the
factors of production and participate equally in the development process.
 Longwe argues that poverty arises not from lack of productivity but from oppression and
exploitation.
 She conceptualizes five progressive levels of equality, arranged in hierarchical order, with
each higher level denoting a higher level of empowerment.
 These are the basis to assess the extent of women’s empowerment in any area of social or
economic life.
 The levels of equality are: control, participation, conscientization, access and welfare.
 The Longwe framework can also be used to analyse the degree of commitment of a
development organization to women’s equality and empowerment.
The five “levels of equality” in the
Women’s Empowerment
Framework
1. Welfare: meaning improvement in socioeconomic status, such as income, better nutrition, etc. This
level produces nothing to empower women.
2. Access: meaning increased access to resources. This is the first step in empowerment as women
increase their access relative to men.
3. Conscientisation: involving the recognition of structural forces that disadvantage and discriminate against
women coupled with the collective aim to address these discriminations.

4. Mobilization: implementing actions related to the conscientisation of women.

5. Control: involving the level of access reached and control of resources that have shifted as a result of collective
claim making and action.
 The model is explicitly political, linking women’s inequality and poverty to structural oppression.
 As such, in order to secure women’s equality and empowerment, both materially and financially, women must be
empowered.
 The tool examines a program, such as a health or education intervention, to assess how it influences the five levels
of empowerment, i.e., negatively, positively, or neutrally. It postulates an ascending level of equality impacts that
can be tracked and assessed over time to see if progression or regression is taking place.
 Strengths

 The Women’s Empowerment Framework may assist organizations in developing

more explicit programmatic strategies that aim to fundamentally shift the bases of
gender inequality.
 Gendered assumptions of equality are made explicit.
 Provides an excellent opportunity for a feminist context analysis, highlighting the
political dimensions of gender inequality.
 The three levels of a program effect, e.g., positive, neutral, or negative impact, can
be easily compared across programs.
 Helps to clarify areas of program strength and weakness, which can be used for
program learning purposes.
 It is unique in explicitly allowing negative impacts to be located and analyzed.
 Weakness

 A limitation of this framework is that it looks at the women’s side of inequality, and
does not address the gender roles of men.
 The Women’s Empowerment Framework is not designed to explain how or why a
program works, exploring the contributing or causal factors that led to the
progression from one level of impact to the next.
 Focus is only placed on three levels of equality, e.g., positive, neutral, or negative
impact, which limits important qualitative assessments of “success” that provide
valuable information critical for program improvement.
 The assumption that there is a hierarchy of gender equality levels suggests a
somewhat more linear change trajectory than is often found in practice.
 Principles of Gender Mainstreaming
Gender-sensitive language

 Texts referring to or addressing both women and men must make

women and men equally visible. This applies to, amongst others,
forms, documents, telephone directories, texts on the intranet and
the internet, advertising for events, folders, posters and films.
 Attention must also be paid to a gender-sensitive choice of images
when preparing public relations material.
 Gender-Specific Data Collection and Analysis

 Data must be collected, analyzed and presented by gender. Social

dimensions, such as age, ethnicity, income and level of education
should also be reflected where possible.
 Gender-specific analysis of the initial situation must provide the basis
for all decisions.
 Equal Access to and Utilization of Services

Services and products must be assessed as to their different effects on women and
men.
It is important to identify:
 Who uses the services (women or men or both)?
 Who are the clients (women or men or both)?
 Who are the target groups?
 Do women and men have different needs?
 Are the different circumstances of women and men taken into account when planning
and designing services?
 Have all target groups access to the same sources of information?
 Who benefits most?
 Which group would suffer most if they could not use the services offered?
Women and Men Equally Involved
in Decision Making
 There are binding targets for a balanced gender ratio at all levels of
decision making
 Measures and strategies geared towards a balanced gender ratio
must be taken at all levels of decision making.
 Important when appointing working groups, project teams,
commissions and advisory boards as well as when organising events
e.g. selecting speakers
 Workplaces must be structurally gendered and barrier free where
possible e.g. gendered signage, sufficient lighting avoiding
potentially frightening situations as in poorly accessible places
 Equal Treatment is Integrated into Steering
Processes

Steering instruments include quality management and gender budgeting, amongst

others. It is important to note that:
Paying attention to the different circumstances of women and men enhances:
 the success rate,
 effectiveness and
 maximum utilization of staff and funds.
 All targets related to people are defined in terms of full equality and the targets
attained are therefore presented by gender.
 Controlling routine as a matter of course includes gender-specific evaluation of
results and a systematic steering of the gender ratio, in other words, the
development and implementation of (new and adapted) targets, strategies and
measures.
 Values of Development

 ‘Economic growth cannot be sensibly treated as an end in itself. Development has

to be more concerned with enhancing the lives we lead and the freedoms we enjoy.’
 The new approach is popularly known as Sen’s Capabilities Approach.
 According to this approach, development is not just about increasing the availability
of commodities (focus of the per-capita income approach) but expanding the
capabilities of individuals to use these commodities and enhancing the freedom of
choice of people.
 Higher income is important an element of one’s well being. But, well being of
individuals also depends on their health, education, geographical and social
environment, and political system.
 There are three core values of development: (i) sustenance, (ii) self-esteem, and
(iii) freedom.
 Sustainable Development

Elements of sustainable development:

 Respecting and caring for the community of life and nature
 Improving the quality of human life
 Conserving the earth's vitality and diversity
 Minimizing the depletion of non-renewable resources
 Keeping within the environment's carrying capacity
 Changing personal attitudes and practices
 Enabling communities to care for their environment
 Providing frameworks for integrating development and conservation
 Creating a global alliance at all levels
 Core Values of Development

 Sustenance: Sustenance is the ability to meet basic needs of people. All

people have certain basic needs without which life would be impossible. These
basic needs include food, shelter, health, and protection. People should have
access to these basic needs
 Self-Esteem: Sense of worth and self-respect and feeling of not being
marginalized are extremely important for individual’s well being. All peoples
and societies seek some form of self-esteem (identity, dignity, respect, honor
etc.). The nature and form of self-esteem may vary from on culture to another
and from time to time.
 Self-esteem: may be based on material values: higher income or wealth may
be equated with higher worthiness. One may consider individuals worthy based
on their intellect or public service.
 Core Values of Development
continued..

 Freedom from Servitude: Human freedom, the ability to choose, is

essential for the well being of individuals. Freedom involves an expanded
range of choices for societies: economic and political. It involves freedom
from bondage, serfdom, and other exploitative economic, social, and
political relationships.
 Community Development
what is a community?
 A community maybe : a group of people living in a particular local area of which they have common ownership.
 This type of community includes villages and districts where a particular clan of people holds communal
ownership of the land and its resources.
 Another example of this type of community is when a group of people purchase and/or obtain land and live on it
as a community sharing its resources and governed by an agreed set of rules and principles to ensure peace
and order within the community.
 a group of nations having common interests e.g. the Commonwealth of nations which consists of 54 nations
voluntarily agreeing to be a community of nations with common interests
 residential district where people live in private residences. This residential district is usually a small town or part
of a city that is composed mostly of residents.
 The latter is commonly referred to as a residential suburb and may consist of a diverse ethnic population and
people of all walks of life and religious beliefs
 Group of organisms sharing an environment
http://oasis.col.org/bitstream/handle/11599/1008/1.Basic_Concepts_of_Community_Development_Course_Book.pdf
 Gender and Community
Development
 Gender and community development is a process towards sustainable way of community
development incorporating all the gender with equal participation and involvement. If there
is no equal say/ participation of both male and female it is not a sustainable development.
 When we talk about gender and community development if is very important that there is
gender equity in the society and When we relate gender with community development it is
very important to change the perspective of men towards women.
 During community development gender balance is very important to keep in mind in order
for the sustainable development.
 Gender balance is the equal and active participation of women and men in all areas of
decision-making, and in access to and control over resources and services.
 When these all things are met than gender and community development will bring a very
positive and sustainable development in society

Khanal, D. (2015) Gender and its Relation to Community Development and in Context in Nepal
 Elements of Community
Involvement
 Full community participation
 Bottom-up development approach
 Addressing the real needs of the community
 Initiated by the community
 Planned by the community
 Executed and driven by the community
 Accommodating local knowledge, cultures, norms and values
 In interaction with the capacity of the social environment
 Timeously execute
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The end, thank you!