CLASS –X (SCIENCE)

CHAPTER-1
Chemical Reactions and Equations
INTRODUCTION
WE KNOW :
•Change in nature can be classified into either physical or chemical.
• Physical changes are temporary in nature. The material undergoes change in
its shape, size etc, but does not undergo any change in its nature.
• Chemical changes are permanent in nature. The substance present before
the change does not exist by the end of the change and new substance is formed.
Let me give a few situations and you need to tell me if changes that occur, is physical or
chemical?
Physical changes? Situations Chemical changes?

Paper is torn, Paper is burnt

Water is converting ice Respiration

Now tell me , which among these are Physical changes? and which are
Chemical changes?

To differentiate we first need to know what physical and chemical changes need.
Physical change is a process in which a substances experiences a change in its physical
properties like

Shape

Size

Appearance or state

Thus there is no change in internal structure or molecular composition in physical changes

whereas in chemical changes a new compound is formed where atoms of one or more
substances are rearranged or combined like paper is burnt to get ash and in respiration O2
get converted to CO2 .
 That means whenever a chemical change occurs we say that a chemical
reaction takes place and this is what we study in details.

• Chemical reaction: It is a process in which one form of chemical substances

is transformed to another form with new properties.

We observe many changes in our everyday life, for example:

• Iron getting rusted, Fermentation of grapes,
• Digestion in our body,
• Milk is left at room temperature during summers,
• Water is added to quicklime,
• Crackers are burnt.

We can say that any of the following observations helps us to determine whether a
chemical reaction has taken place or not.
• Change in state
• Change in colour
• Evolution of a gas
• Change in temperature
You may perhaps be wondering as to what is actually meant by a chemical reaction. How do we come
to know that a chemical reaction has taken place? Let us perform some activities to find the answer to
these questions.

ACTIVITY OBSERVATION LEARNING

Change in state- Physical change
Formation of water

Change in colour- Chemical change

Rusting of iron

Evolution of a gas-Evolution of hydrogen Chemical change

gas in the reaction of dilute hydrochloric
acid and zinc granules.

Change in temperature- change in colour Chemical change

while cooking
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS:
EXAMPLE-1:- FORMATION OF BARIUM SULPHATE AND SODIUM CHLORIDE

Activity:
• Take 100 ml of water in a beaker and dissolve a small
quantity of Sodium Sulphate (Na2SO4).
• Take 100 ml of water in another beaker and dissolve
a
small quantity of Barium Chloride (BaCl2).
• Add the solutions of both the beakers.

Observation: Note the changes in the colours of the

solutions.

Learning Outcome: Sodium Sulphate reacts with Barium Chloride

to give white precipitate, Barium Sulphate.

Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

(Sodium sulphate) (Barium chloride) (Barium sulphate) (Sodium
chloride)
 EXAMPLE-2:- BURNING OF MAGNESIUM RIBBON

Activity:
• Take a 3 cm long Manesium ribbon
• Use a sand paper to rub and clean the ribbon
• Hold the ribbon using a pair of tongs
•Burn the ribbon using a
burner Observation:
• A dazzling white flame is
produced when the
Magnesium ribbon burns in
Oxygen.
• A white powder is formed and collected in a China
Dish. Learning Outcome:
• Here,Magnesium in solid state and Oxygen in gaseous
state combine.
• A single product ,Magnesium powder is formed due to
the reaction between
2 Mg(s)
Magnesium and Oxygen + O2 in
present (g)the air. 2 MgO (s)
 EXAMPLE-3:-FORMATION OF H2 GAS.

Activity:
•Take a few Zinc granules in a boiling tube
attach with a stand and a delivery tube which is
immersed in soap solution.
•Add 5 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid
into the test tube.
•Bring a burning match stick near the
mouth of the soap solution.
Observation:
• The match stick is puts off with a pop up
sound.
•The boiling tube is warm when touched with a
finger Learning Outcome:
• In both breaking and formation of bonds
• A change in the state and colour of the substance
• Release of heat energy with liberation of gas.
Zn (s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2 (aq)+ H2 (g)
 WRITING A CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

• A chemical equation is the simplest way of describing a chemical reaction. A

chemical equation consists of reactants and products with an arrow mark indicating
the change of reactants to products.
• A chemical formula describes the chemical compounds in terms of the symbols of
the constituent elements and subscripts to represent the number of atoms of each
element in the compound
• If we consider the reaction when a magnesium ribbon is burnt in oxygen, it gets
converted to magnesium oxide.
In this reaction, Magnesium (Mg)and oxygen(O2) are reactants and Magnesium
oxide(MgO) is the product.
Word equation: Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium oxide
Replacing the word equation with chemical formulae of the reactants and products, we
have,
Chemical equation: 2 Mg(s) + O2 (g) 2 MgO (s)
(Reactants) (Product)
Example: Zinc metal reacts with dilute HCl to yield ZnCl2 and liberate Hydrogen gas
Zn(s) + 2HCl (aq) ZnCl2 (aq) +
H2 (g)

Example: Sodium Sulphate reacts with barium Chloride to give white precipitate,
Barium sulphate. Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
 Chemical Balancing:

• In a chemical reaction, an atom is the smallest particle of an element accounting

for its mass.
• According to the law of conservation of mass no energy or no atoms can be created
or destroyed.
• That is, the mass of the reactants and the mass of the products before and after the
chemical reaction should not change.
• It further means that the number of atoms that are present in the reactant has to
balance the number of atoms that are present in the products
• In this way, application of the law of conservation of mass principle on chemical
equations, gives rise to the need for balancing chemical equations.

How to balance the chemical equation? (Hit and trial method)

• Step-1: Represent the reactants and products of the chemical reaction using their
correct formula. The unbalanced equation: Fe + H2O Fe3O4 + H2
• Step II: List the number of atoms of different elements present in the unbalanced
equation.
 Formula unit Element Fornula unit
•Step III: Place suitable coefficients before the
LHS RHS
formula units for comparing and balancing the
number of atoms of each elements on both sides. Fe 1 3
(Note: The formula of reactants and products H 2 2
cannot be changed during the balancing of a O 1 4
chemical equation).
So balancing oxygen atoms, put the coefficient 4 before H2O in LHS, we get,
Fe + 4 H2O Fe3O4 + H2
• Step IV: Select the next element and balance it. So balancing hydrogen
put
4 before H2 in RHS, we get, Fe + 4 H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2
• Step V: Examine the above equation and pick up the third element which is not
balanced. You find that only one element is left to be balanced, that is, iron. So
balancing iron put 3 before Fe in LHS and we get, 3 Fe + 4 H2O Fe3O4
+ 4H2

• Step VI: Finally, to check the correctness of the balanced equation, we count
atoms
of each element on both sides of the equation.

• Step VII: At last to make the equation more informative, write the factors like
physical state of reactants and products, heat changes, gas evolved and precipitate
Other Balancing equations:

C (s) +O2(g) CO2 (g) + Energy, Exothermic reaction

N2(g) + O2(g) 2 NO (g) - Energy, Endothermic reaction

Zn(s) + H2SO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq) +H2(g)

AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) AgCl (s) + NaNO3(aq)

• Sometimes the reaction conditions, such as temperature, pressure, catalyst,

etc., for the reaction are indicated above and/or below the arrow in the
equation. For example –
340 atm
• CO(g) + 2H(g) 2 CH3OH(l)
Sunlight
• 6CO2(aq) +12H2O(l) C6H12O6(aq) +6O2
Chlorophyll (Glucose)
 PART-II
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS: There are four types of chemical reactions.

• 1.Combination Reaction:- A reaction in which one single product is formed from

two or more reactants is known as Combination Reaction.
General form of this type of reaction is A + B2 AB2
Exmple-1: FORMATION OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE
Activity:
•Take some quick lime (calcium oxide) in a
beaker and pour 10 ml of water over quicklime
slowly into the beaker
•Stir it with a clean glass rod and touch
the outer surface of beaker during the
reaction
•Put a red litmus paper into the beaker
after the reaction
• Filter the mixture of beaker and take about
5 ml of filtrate in a test tube and blow air
through the liquid.
Observation:
• A new substance is formed with a hissing sound.
• Outer surface of beaker is hot.
• Red litmus paper turns blue
•On passing CO2 through the clear filtrate, it turns
milky. Learning Outcome:
• Water reacts with quicklime to form a new substance.
• As heat is evolved, the reaction between water and
quicklime is exothermic.
• The new substance formed the reaction between
water and quicklime is basic in
nature. CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq) +
Heat
• The new substance formed is calcium hydroxide.
Other examples with respective equation:
• Burning of coal: C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) +
heat
• Formation of water from H2(g) and O2(g):
2H2(g) + O2(g)
2H2O(l)
Other examples of exothermic reactions are –
• (i) Burning of natural gas
CH4(g) + 2O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
• (ii) Do you know that respiration is an exothermic process?
We all know that we need energy to stay alive. We get this energy from the food we
eat. During digestion, food is broken down into simpler substances. For example, rice,
potatoes and bread contain carbohydrates. These carbohydrates are broken down to
form glucose. This glucose combines with oxygen in the cells of our body and
provides energy.
C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(aq) 6CO2(aq) + 6H2O(l) + energy
(Glucose)
• (iii) The decomposition of vegetable matter into compost is also an example of an
exothermic reaction.
• 2. Decomposition Reaction
If a single reactant breaks down to give a simpler products then it is called
a decomposition reaction
General form of this type of reaction is AB A +B
 HEATING OF CALCIUM CARBONATE

Activity:
• Take calcium carbonate or lime stone in a test tube
• Place a delivery tube with a cork on the tube
• Heat the boiling tube using burner
•Put a match stick near the open end of the
delivery tube or pass it through lime water.

Observation:
• A gas evolves from the test tube and passes all
along the delivery tube.
• The gas puts off the burning match stick
• A white precipitate is formed.

Learning Outcome:
• Calcium carbonate decomposes and it is thermal
decomposition
• It is an endothermic reaction.
• The gas coming out of the boiling tube which puts
CaCOstick,
off the burning match 3 (s) is CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
carbon dioxide as Limestone
again it formed white precipitate
Quick lime
(CaCO3) with lime water.
Heat
 HEATING OF FERROUS SULPHATE

Activity:
• Take abut 2 gram crystal of ferrous sulphate in a boiling test
tube and note the colour of the crystal and heat.
• Bring a moist blue litmus paper in contact with the evolved gas.
• Soak a strip of filter paper in acidified solution of
potassium dichromate and bring it in contact with the gas.
Observation:
• The crystals are green in colour and changes to brown.
•Colourless gas with a smell of burning sulphur
is evolved.
• Moist blue litmus paper turns red.
• The orange colour of strip changes to green.
Learning Outcome:
• The colour of ferrous sulphate is green
• New substances are formed.The gas coming out
is acidic.
• Sulphur dioxide gas is evolved.
Heat
2 FeSO4 (s) Fe2O3 (s) + SO2 (g) + SO3
(Ferrous sulphate) (g)
(Ferric oxide) Sulphur dioxide
 HEATING OF LEAD NITRATE

Activity:
• Take about 0.5 gram of Lead Nitrate in a boiling test tube
•Heat the boiling tube containing Lead Nitarte using
burner. Observation:
• A gas evolves from the boiling tube.
• The colour of the gas is brown.
• A white precipitate is formed at the bottom of
the boiling tube.
Learning Outcome:
• Lead nitrate decomposes. It is thermal decomposition and
endothermic reaction.
• Lead Oxide is formed as precipitate.
• The brown colour gas coming out of the boiling tube is
Nitrogen dioxide.
Heat
2Pb(NO3)2 (s) 2PbO + 4 NO2(g) + O2 (g)
(Lead nitrate) (Lead (Nitrogen dioxide) (Oxygen)
oxide)
 ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER

Activity:
• After drilling Insert two carbon electrodes into these holes of mug using two rubber
stoppers and Connect the two electrodes to a 6 V battery.
• Immerse the electrodes in water by filling the mug with the water with few drops
of dilute sulphuric acid.
• Invert two water filled test tubes over the electrodes and Switch on the circuit.
• Carefully remove the test tubes completely filled with gases.
• Bring a burning candle near the mouth of both the tubes to test the gases.

Observation:
• Gas bubbles appear in both the test tubes
• There is a rise in the level of water in both the tubes to
different extents.
•The candle continues to burn in the presence of the
gas coming from the first tube.
• The candle puts off by the gas coming from the second
test tube.

Learning Outcome:
• Hydrogen is the first product which puts off the candle
flame.
• Oxygen is the second product which allows the candle
to burn.
 SILVER BROMIDE IN SUNLIGHT

Activity:
• Take silver Chloride in a watch glass
• Observe the colour before and after.
• Place the watch glass under sun light for some time.

Observation: The colour of the chemical changes.

Learning Outcome:
• In this reaction, the compound Silver
Chloride decomposes under sunlight.
• This is why, it is called a photochemical
reaction and it is endothermic reaction.
• Silver is the2AgCl(s) + Cl2 (g)
2 Agof(s)grey
first product in the form
• colour.
Chloride is the second product liberated in the form of gas.
Sunlight
Silver bromide also behaves in the same way.
Sunlight
2AgBr(s) 2Ag(s) + Br2(g) The above
reactions are used in black and white photography.
• 3. Displacement Reaction
Displacement reaction is a chemical reaction in which a more reactive element
displaces a less reactive element from its compound. Both metals and non-metals take
part in displacement reactions. This reactivity depends on reactivity series.

Example : Reaction of iron nails with copper sulphate solution.

Activity:
• Clean Three iron nails using sand paper.
• Take two test tubes and mark them as A and B
• Take 10 ml of copper sulphate solution in the test tubes A
• Tie two nails with the thread and dip into the solution of
test tube A and keep undisturbed for 20 minutes.
• The other nail taken in test tube B as reference.
• Take the nails out from test tube A.
• Compare the colour of the iron nails and solution in test tube A
Observation:
• The nail taken from the test tube A turns brownish
• The colour of the copper sulphate solution fades from being blue in colour initially.

Learning Outcome:
• Here, the element iron in solid state reacts with the compound copper sulphate
in aqueous state and gives aqueous iron sulphate and solid copper.
• The element iron being a more active element displaces copper from its place in
copper sulphate reactant and forms the product iron sulphate.

Fe (s) + CuSO4 (aq) FeSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)

• Other examples:

• Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

(Copper sulphate) (Zinc sulphate)
• Pb(s) + CuCl2(aq) PbCl2(aq) + Cu(s)
(Copper chloride) (Lead chloride)

• With the help of reactivity series find out where displacement reaction occurs
or not?

METAL MgSO4 ZnSO4 FeSO4 CuSO4

Mg
Zn
Fe
Cu

X = No Reaction Yes = Displacement reaction

• 4. Double Displacement Reaction
Double displacement reactions may be defined as the chemical reactions in which
one component each of both the reacting molecules is exchanged to form the
products.
During this reaction, the cations and anions of two different compounds switch places,
forming two entirely different compounds.
Activity:
• Take 100 ml of water in a beaker and
dissolve a small quantity of Sodium Sulphate (Na2SO4).
•Take 100 ml of water in another beaker and
dissolve a small quantity of Barium Chloride (BaCl2).
• Add the solutions of both the beakers.
Observation: Note the changes in the colours of the solutions.
Learning Outcome: Sodium Sulphate reacts with Barium Chloride
to give white precipitate, Barium Sulphate.
Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
(Sodium sulphate) (Barium chloride) (Barium (Sodium chloride)
sulphate)
In this reaction, You will observe that a white substance, which is insoluble in water, is
formed. This insoluble substance formed is known as a precipitate. Any reaction that
produces a precipitate can be called a precipitation reaction.
• Recall Activity :
You are given test tube, the solutions of lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide and are
instructed to mix together in a test tube. Give answers by activity :
(i) What was the colour of the precipitate formed? Can you name the compound
precipitated?
(ii) Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
(iii) Is this also a double displacement reaction?

Hints: Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KI(aq) 2 KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)

• 5. Oxidation and Reduction (Redox Reaction)

• The chemical reactions involving addition of Oxygen and removal of Hydrogen are called
Oxidation reaction.

• The chemical reactions involving addition of Hydrogen and removal of Oxygen are called
Reduction reaction.

Interestingly, Oxidation and reduction reactions occur at the same time. Hence, such
reactions are called Redox reactions.
 REACTION BETWEEN COPPER AND OXYGEN

Oxidation activity:
• Take 1 gram of Copper powder in brown colour in a china dish.
• Place the dish on tripod stand with wire gauze.
• Heat the Copper powder using bunsen burner.

Oxidation observation: The colour of the Copper

powder turns black from brown.

Oxidation learning:
•Here, the solid Copper powder burns in
the presence of Oxygen or air.
• The product formed is the black Copper
Oxide.
• The reactant Copper gained Oxygen in this reaction, and hence it is
called Oxidation.
Heat
2Cu (s) + O2 (g) 2 CuO (s)
 REACTION BETWEEN COPPER OXIDE AND HYDROGEN

Reduction Activity:
• Take the black Copper Oxide in a glass tube supported by two stands on its both
ends.
• Put corks with nozzle in them on the two ends.
• Pass Hydrogen gas from nozzle of the first cork and allow the gas to leave from the
nozzle of the cork on the other end.
• Use a bunsen burner to heat the black Copper Oxide powder in the presence
of Hydrogen gas.
Reduction observation: The black colour of the Copper Powder changes to brown.

Reduction learning:
• Copper Oxide gains Hydrogen or loss Oxygen and turns into Copper again. Hence it
is a reduction.
• In this reaction, Copper Oxide (CuO) is said to be reduced and Hydrogen (H2) is
oxidized.
• Together, the oxidation and reduction reactions from Redox reaction
Other examples:
• ZnO + C Zn +CO
• MnO2 + 4 HCl MnCl2 + 2 H2O + Cl2

Recall Activity: You are given Mg ribbon and you are burning in air. You observe that
magnesium ribbon burnt with a dazzling flame in air (oxygen) and changed into a
white substance.
• (i) What is the compound formed?
• (ii)Is magnesium being oxidized or reduced in this reaction?

THE EFFECTS OF OXIDATION REACTIONS IN EVERYDAY LIFE?

Yes, there are quite many effects. Let me enlist them here.
• Browning of cut surfaces of fruits.
• Formation of metal oxide on metal like iron rust, black coating on silver items,
green coating on copper item (Called Corrosion- The process in which metals are
eaten up gradually by the action of air ,moisture or chemicals on their surface.)
• Burning of crackers
• Rancidity: The spoiling of food materials due to slow oxidation is called Rancidity.
Food materials containing oil or fat in them smell or taste foul when left uncovered
for a long time.
Thank you