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Building an Ultrasonic Radar System With Arduino

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2 views12 pages

Building an Ultrasonic Radar System With Arduino

Uploaded by

sujaygov11
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Building an Ultrasonic Radar

System with Arduino


Building an Ultrasonic Radar System with Arduino

• Introduction to Ultrasonic Radar System


• Ultrasonic Radar: A Simplified Approach
• Key Component 1: HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor
• Key Component 2: Arduino Uno Microcontroller
• Key Component 3: Servo Motor for Scanning
• System Architecture & Wiring Diagram
• Working Principle: Step-by-Step Operation
• Software Logic: Arduino Sketch & Data Flow
• Practical Applications & Beyond
• Conclusion & Future Scope
Introduction to Ultrasonic Radar System

• Radar System Principles: Radar, fundamentally


RAdio Detection And Ranging, applies to this
system for detecting objects via sound waves.
• Core System Components: Our simplified radar
employs an ultrasonic sensor, Arduino Uno, and
servo for robust object sensing.
• System Detection Goal: This project aims to
accurately detect object presence, ascertain
distance, and determine angular position.

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Ultrasonic Radar: A Simplified Approach

• RF vs. Ultrasonic Modalities: RF radar utilizes electromagnetic waves; ultrasonic systems employ high-
frequency acoustic pulses for detection.
• Operational Range & Environment: Ultrasonic radar excels in short-range detection, performing optimally
within less complex and constrained environments.
• Time-of-Flight Principle: Distance is computed by measuring sound pulse travel time; transmitted,
reflected, and received echo.
Key Component 1: HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

• Transducer Architecture: Integrates a 40KHz ultrasonic transmitter (Trig) and receiver (Echo) for precise
acoustic wave generation/detection.
• Operational Pulse Sequence: Arduino-initiated HIGH pulse on Trig emits sound; Echo pin goes HIGH,
indicating time-of-flight duration.
• Distance Determination Formula: Distance (cm) = (Time of Flight (µs) * 0.034 cm/µs) / 2 for accurate
object ranging.
Key Component 2: Arduino Uno Microcontroller

• System Control Hub: The Arduino Uno, an


ATmega328P-based platform, acts as the central
processing unit orchestrating system operations.
• Sensor/Servo Management: It precisely triggers
ultrasonic pulses, interprets echoes, and
commands servo motor angular adjustments for
scanning.
• Serial Data Output: Processed angular and
distance measurements are transmitted serially
to a computer for real-time visualization.

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Key Component 3: Servo Motor for Scanning

• Precise Angular Actuation: Servo motors, like SG90 or MG996R, offer precise angular position control,
typically within a 0-180° range.
• Ultrasonic Sensor Sweeping: Crucially, the servo sweeps the ultrasonic sensor across a defined arc,
enabling a broader scanning range.
• Enhanced Field of View: Sweeping provides the essential angular component of radar data, expanding the
system's effective detection range.
System Architecture & Wiring Diagram

• HC-SR04 Pin Integration: HC-SR04 connects via VCC (5V), GND, Trig (D9), and Echo (D10) for precise
acoustic pulse integration.
• Servo Motor Interfacing: Servo connects via VCC (5V), GND, and signal (D11 or PWM pins) facilitating
precise angular positional control.
• Arduino Power & Data: Arduino Uno powers via USB/external supply, connecting to PC for code upload
and real-time data visualization.
Working Principle: Step-by-Step Operation

• Servo Positioning & Trigger: The Arduino initiates


scanning by commanding the servo to a specific
angle, then triggers the ultrasonic pulse.
• Sound Emission & ToF: The sensor emits sound;
upon reflection from an object, Arduino precisely
measures the Time-of-Flight (ToF).
• Distance Calculation & Scan: Arduino calculates
distance from ToF, then transmits angle and
distance, iteratively sweeping for continuous
environmental mapping.

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Software Logic: Arduino Sketch & Data Flow

• Sketch Initialization: Arduino sketch includes Servo library; defines sensor (Trig, Echo) and servo pin
assignments for system integration.
• Setup Function Configuration: The `setup()` function initializes serial communication at 9600 baud,
configuring sensor and servo pin modes.
• Loop Function & Data Stream: The `loop()` function sweeps servo (0-180°), triggers sensor, calculates
distance, then transmits angle,distance data.
Practical Applications & Beyond

• Obstacle Avoidance: Essential for mobile robotics and automated systems, enabling safe navigation and
collision avoidance within dynamic environments.
• Educational & Prototyping: Invaluable low-cost platform for hands-on learning, fostering expertise in
sensor integration and microcontroller programming fundamentals.
• Diverse Use Cases: Applicable in simplified indoor mapping, interactive art installations, and smart parking
systems, demonstrating practical versatility.
Conclusion & Future Scope

• Project Success & Affordability: This project


successfully demonstrated a simplified radar
system with affordable components, effectively
integrating distance and angular data.
• System Constraints: Current limitations include
short range, acoustic noise susceptibility, limited
angular resolution, and no object characteristic
identification.
• Advanced System Development: Future
enhancements: GUI, multiple sensors, Kalman
filtering, or LiDAR for improved performance and
accuracy.

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