Scribd
Upload
3 views34 pages

Module 1 AI-Introduction

The document provides an overview of artificial intelligence (AI), defining intelligence and its various forms, including human and artificial intelligence. It discusses the history of AI, highlighting key developments and periods of progress and setbacks, such as the AI winters. Additionally, it outlines different approaches to AI, applications, and the significance of understanding human thought processes in developing intelligent systems.

Uploaded by

piyushios32
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views34 pages

Module 1 AI-Introduction

The document provides an overview of artificial intelligence (AI), defining intelligence and its various forms, including human and artificial intelligence. It discusses the history of AI, highlighting key developments and periods of progress and setbacks, such as the AI winters. Additionally, it outlines different approaches to AI, applications, and the significance of understanding human thought processes in developing intelligent systems.

Uploaded by

piyushios32
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

Module -1

Introduction to AI
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?

Intelligence is a property of mind that encompasses many related mental


abilities, such as the capabilities to
- reason
- plan
- solve problems
- think abstractly
- comprehend ideas and language and
- learn
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
➔ intelligence is the ability to grasp the essentials in any situation and
to response appropriately
➔ George Wilson says “ If intelligence means quick response then an
author can hardly afford to be intelligent”

Different people show their intelligence in different ways

–Some people whose ability to deduce conclusion is very high but they
are not good in expressing their ideas in good worded manner

–Some people are good authors, their writing power helps to entertain
and persuade the people but they are not good in other concepts e.g.
politics
Intelligence: Artificial Intelligence
➔ “the capacity to learn and solve problems”
➔ in particular,
– the ability to solve novel problems
– the ability to act rationally
– the ability to act like humans

Artificial Intelligence
➔ build and understand intelligent entities or agents
➔ 2 main approaches: “engineering” versus “cognitive modeling”
What’s involved in Intelligence?

➔ Ability to interact with the real world


– to perceive, understand, and act
– e.g., speech recognition and understanding and synthesis
– e.g., image understanding
– e.g., ability to take actions, have an effect

➔ Reasoning and Planning


– modeling the external world, given input
– solving new problems, planning, and making decisions
– ability to deal with unexpected problems, uncertainties
➔ Learning and Adaptation
– we are continuously learning and adapting
– our internal models are always being “updated”
– e.g., a baby learning to categorize and recognize animals
AI APPLICATIONS:

➔ Speech recognition
➔ Advanced web search engines
➔ Recommendations systems
➔ Self -driving cars ( e.g. Tesla )
➔ Decision making, Abstract thinking
What is AI?

AI is a broad area

– means different things to different people

– making computers do things that require (human) intelligence

Why make computers do these things?

–To automate difficult tasks

–To create smart programs –

To understand intelligence better


— The top row is concerned with thought processes and reasoning
ACTING HUMANLY: THE TURING
TEST APPROACH
● To judge whether the system can act like a
human, sir Alan Turing had designed a test
known as Turing Test.
● In Turing test computer need to interact
with human interrogator by answering
the questions in written format
● For this test, computer would need to possess
the following capabilities.

Natural language processing


Knowledge Representation
Automated Reasoning
Machine learning
THINKING HUMANLY: THE
COGNITIVE MODELLING APPROACH
●
In order to make machines think like human, we
need to first understand how human think .
●
Research showed that there are three ways using
which humans thinking pattern can be caught

1 Introspection : Human can catch their own thought


2.Psychological experiments : can be carried out by
observing person in action.
3.Brain imaging can be done by observing the brain in action

●
By catching the human thinking pattern , it can be
implemented in computer system as program.
●
if the programs input output matches with that of
human then it can be claimed that the system can
operate like humans.
THINKING RATIONALLY: THE LAW OF
THOUGHT APPROACH
The law of thought are supposed to
implement the operation of the mind and
their study initiated the field called logic.

There are two problems in this approach

●Not suitable to use when 100% knowledge


is not available for any problem.
●vast number of computations required
even to implement a simple human
reasoning process
ACTING RATIONALLY: THE
RATIONAL AGENT APPROACH
Definition : Computational Intelligence is the
study of the design of intelligent agents

Agent perceive their environment through


sensors over a prolonged time period and
adapt to change to create and pursue goals
and take actions through actuators.

The rational agent approach has two


advantages over the other approaches

??????????
Definitions of AI fall into four categories

– Systems that act like humans- e.g. ELIZA, Turing Test.

– Systems that think like humans (cognitive science)

– Systems that think rationally (do the right thing)

– Systems that act rationally (The textbook supports this def.)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-zyTlZQYpE
HISTORY OF AI
JOURNEY FROM THE AI GENERATIONS
TO TILL DATE DEVELOPEMNT
1943: early beginnings

– first work :McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain

They proposed model of artificial neurons

1950: Turing 1956: birth of AI

– Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence“


1956: birth of AI
– John Mccarthy at Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence“ name
adopted
1950s: initial promise
– Early AI programs
– Samuel's checkers program
– Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist
- The golden Year Early enthusiasm(1956-1974)
- Year 1966: The researcher emphasized developing algorithms which can
solve mathematical problems
- Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966 named as ELIZA
- Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan named as
WABOT-1

- The first AI Winter(1974-1980)


- AI winter refers to the time period where computer scientist dealt with
a severe shortage of funding from government for AI researches.
- Publicity of Ai wa decreased
A BOOM OF AI(1980-1987)
After AI winter AI came back with “Expert
System”
Expert system were programmed that emulate
the decision making ability of a human expert.

The First national conference of the Americal


Association of Artificial Intelligence was held at
Stanford University.

A Second AI Winter(1987-1993)
Again Investors and government stopped in
funding for AI research as due to high cost but not
efficient result
1995- AI as Science
- Integration of learning, reasoning, knowledge representation
- AI methods used in vision, language, data mining, etc

The emergence of Intelligent agents(1993-2011)


Year 1997: IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion, Gary
Kasparov and become the first computer to beat a world chess
champion.

Year 2002: for the first time,AI entered the home in the form of
Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.

Year 2006:AI came in business world . Companies like


facebook ,Twitter and Netflix also started using AI
DEEP LEARNING, BIG DATA AND
ARTIFICIAL GENERAL INTELLIGENCE
Year 2011: IBM watson won jeopardy, a quiz
show , where it had to solve complex
questions as well as riddles

Year 2012: Google has launched an Android


app feature “ Google now”

Year 2014: Chatbot Eugene Goostman won


the competition “turing Test”

Year 2018:The project Debater from IBM


debated on complex topics

You might also like