TCP/IP MODEL

 The TCP/IP model was developed prior to the OSI

model.
 The TCP/IP model is not exactly similar to the OSI
model.
 The TCP/IP model consists of four layers: the
application layer, transport layer, network layer,
host to network.
 The first four layers provide physical standards,
network interface, internetworking, and transport
functions that correspond to the first three layers
of the OSI model and these four layers are
represented in TCP/IP model by a single layer
called the application layer.
Network Access Layer
 A network layer is the lowest layer of the TCP/IP model.
 A network layer is the combination of the Physical layer
and Data Link layer defined in the OSI reference model.
 It defines how the data should be sent physically through
the network.
 This layer is mainly responsible for the transmission of
the data between two devices on the same network.
 The functions carried out by this layer are encapsulating
the IP datagram into frames transmitted by the network
and mapping of IP addresses into physical addresses.
 The protocols used by this layer are ethernet, token ring,
FDDI, X.25, frame relay.
Internet Layer
 An internet layer is the second layer of
the TCP/IP model.
 An internet layer is also known as the
network layer.
 The main responsibility of the internet
layer is to send the packets from any
network, and they arrive at the
destination irrespective of the route they
take.
 Internet Layer
 IP Addressing: This protocol implements logical host addresses known as IP
addresses. The IP addresses are used by the internet and higher layers to
identify the device and to provide internetwork routing.
 Host-to-host communication: It determines the path through which the
data is to be transmitted.
 Data Encapsulation and Formatting: An IP protocol accepts the data from
the transport layer protocol. An IP protocol ensures that the data is sent and
received securely, it encapsulates the data into message known as IP
datagram.
 Fragmentation and Reassembly: The limit imposed on the size of the IP
datagram by data link layer protocol is known as Maximum Transmission unit
(MTU). If the size of IP datagram is greater than the MTU unit, then the IP
protocol splits the datagram into smaller units so that they can travel over the
local network. Fragmentation can be done by the sender or intermediate
router. At the receiver side, all the fragments are reassembled to form an
original message.
 Routing: When IP datagram is sent over the same local network such as LAN,
MAN, WAN, it is known as direct delivery. When source and destination are on
 ICMP Protocol
 ICMP stands for Internet Control Message Protocol.
 It is a mechanism used by the hosts or routers to send notifications
regarding datagram problems back to the sender.
 A datagram travels from router-to-router until it reaches its destination. If a
router is unable to route the data because of some unusual conditions
such as disabled links, a device is on fire or network congestion, then the
ICMP protocol is used to inform the sender that the datagram is
undeliverable.
 An ICMP protocol mainly uses two terms:
 ICMP Test: ICMP Test is used to test whether the destination is reachable or not.
 ICMP Reply: ICMP Reply is used to check whether the destination device is
responding or not.
 The core responsibility of the ICMP protocol is to report the problems, not
correct them. The responsibility of the correction lies with the sender.
 ICMP can send the messages only to the source, but not to the
intermediate routers because the IP datagram carries the addresses of the
source and destination but not of the router that it is passed to.
 Transport Layer
 The transport layer is responsible for the reliability, flow control, and
correction of data which is being sent over the network.
 The two protocols used in the transport layer are User Datagram
protocol and Transmission control protocol.
 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
 It provides connectionless service and end-to-end delivery of transmission.
 It is an unreliable protocol as it discovers the errors but not specify the error.
 User Datagram Protocol discovers the error, and ICMP protocol reports the
error to the sender that user datagram has been damaged.
 UDP consists of the following fields:
Source port address: The source port address is the address of the
application program that has created the message.
Destination port address: The destination port address is the address of
the application program that receives the message.
Total length: It defines the total number of bytes of the user datagram in
bytes.
Checksum: The checksum is a 16-bit field used in error detection.
 UDP does not specify which packet is lost. UDP contains only checksum; it
does not contain any ID of a data segment.
 Transport Layer
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
 It provides a full transport layer services to applications.
 It creates a virtual circuit between the sender and receiver,
and it is active for the duration of the transmission.
 TCP is a reliable protocol as it detects the error and
retransmits the damaged frames. Therefore, it ensures all
the segments must be received and acknowledged before
the transmission is considered to be completed and a virtual
circuit is discarded.
 At the sending end, TCP divides the whole message into
smaller units known as segment, and each segment
contains a sequence number which is required for reordering
the frames to form an original message.
 At the receiving end, TCP collects all the segments and
reorders them based on sequence numbers.
Application Layer
 HTTP and HTTPS: HTTP stands for Hypertext transfer protocol. It is
used by the World Wide Web to manage communications between
web browsers and servers. HTTPS stands for HTTP-Secure. It is a
combination of HTTP with SSL(Secure Socket Layer). It is efficient in
cases where the browser needs to fill out forms, sign in, authenticate,
and carry out bank transactions.
 SSH: SSH stands for Secure Shell. It is a terminal emulations software
similar to Telnet. The reason SSH is preferred is because of its ability to
maintain the encrypted connection. It sets up a secure session over a
TCP/IP connection.
 NTP: NTP stands for Network Time Protocol. It is used to synchronize
the clocks on our computer to one standard time source. It is very
useful in situations like bank transactions. Assume the following
situation without the presence of NTP. Suppose you carry out a
transaction, where your computer reads the time at 2:30 PM while the
server records it at 2:28 PM. The server can crash very badly if it’s out
of sync.
 Application Layer
 SNMP: SNMP stands for Simple Network Management Protocol. It is a
framework used for managing the devices on the internet by using the
TCP/IP protocol suite.
 SMTP: SMTP stands for Simple mail transfer protocol. The TCP/IP
protocol that supports the e-mail is known as a Simple mail transfer
protocol. This protocol is used to send the data to another e-mail
address.
 DNS: DNS stands for Domain Name System. An IP address is used to
identify the connection of a host to the internet uniquely. But, people
prefer to use the names instead of addresses. Therefore, the system
that maps the name to the address is known as Domain Name System.
 TELNET: It is an abbreviation for Terminal Network. It establishes the
connection between the local computer and remote computer in such a
way that the local terminal appears to be a terminal at the remote
system.
 FTP: FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. FTP is a standard internet
protocol used for transmitting the files from one computer to another
computer.
Difference between TCP/IP and
OSI
Local Area Network (LAN)

 A Local Area Network (LAN) is a type of network

that connects devices in a small geographic area,
such as a home, office, or school. LANs typically
use wired connections, such as Ethernet cables,
to connect devices to a central hub or switch.
This allows devices to share data, resources, and
devices such as printers and storage devices.
 Advantages of LAN:  Disadvantages of LAN:
 Speed: LANs provide fast data  Limited Mobility: LANs typically
transfer rates, typically 100 use wired connections, which
Mbps or 1 Gbps, allowing for limits device mobility and
quick data transfer between flexibility.
devices.  Limited Range: The range of
 Security: LANs are generally LANs is limited by the length of
more secure than WLANs, as the Ethernet cable, which
they are physically connected means that devices must be
and less susceptible to outside physically located within a
interference. small area.
 Cost: LANs can be less  Installation: The installation of
expensive to set up and LANs can be complex,
maintain than WLANs, as they requiring the routing of cables
use wired connections that are and installation of switches.
often less expensive than
wireless technology.
Wireless Local Area Network
(WLAN)

 A Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is

a type of network that uses wireless
technology, such as Wi-Fi, to connect
devices in the same area. WLANs use
wireless access points to transmit data
between devices, allowing for greater
mobility and flexibility.
 Advantages of WLAN:  Disadvantages of WLAN:
 Mobility: WLANs provide  Security: WLANs are less secure
greater device mobility and than LANs, as wireless signals
flexibility, as devices can can be intercepted by
connect wirelessly from unauthorized users and devices.
anywhere within the network  Speed: WLANs provide slower
range. data transfer rates than LANs,
 Easy Installation: WLANs are typically around 54 Mbps, which
easier to install than LANs, as can result in slower data
they do not require physical transfer between devices.
cabling and switches.
 Interference: WLANs are
susceptible to interference from
 Range: WLANs can cover a
other wireless devices, which
larger area than LANs,
can cause connectivity issues.
allowing for greater device
connectivity and flexibility.