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Chapter 6 Thermo

The document discusses fundamental concepts of thermodynamics, focusing on heat transfer, entropy, and the differences between reversible and irreversible processes. It explains the principles of entropy generation, highlighting that while entropy can be increased through heat transfer or irreversibility, it can only be decreased by heat transfer from the system. Additionally, it outlines the relationships between various thermodynamic properties and processes, including the Carnot cycle.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2 views50 pages

Chapter 6 Thermo

The document discusses fundamental concepts of thermodynamics, focusing on heat transfer, entropy, and the differences between reversible and irreversible processes. It explains the principles of entropy generation, highlighting that while entropy can be increased through heat transfer or irreversibility, it can only be decreased by heat transfer from the system. Additionally, it outlines the relationships between various thermodynamic properties and processes, including the Carnot cycle.

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ys4mjwnwtv
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Thermodynamics I

1. Introduction
inequality of Clausius
Heat is transferred in two places, the boiler and the
condenser. Therefore,
heat engine refrigerator or heat pump

the entropy remains constant in a reversible


adiabatic process. A constant entropy process is
called an isentropic process. Line 2–3 represents
this process
Example:

Change from saturated liquid to saturated vapor


thermodynamic property
relation and are frequently
called Gibbs equations.
dv=0

du= CpdT
ds= CpdT/T
(T2/T1)=(v2/v1)^(1-k)
• ds=0= Cvln(T2/T1)+RLn(v2/v1)
• Cvln(T2/T1)=Rln(v2/v1)
• Ln(T2/T1)=R/Cvln(v2/v1)
• (T2/T1)=(v2/v1)^(R/Cv)
• R/Cv=(Cp-Cv)/Cv= Cp/Cv-1=k-1
• (T2/T1)=(v2/v1)^(1-k)

28
due to irreversibilities occurring inside the system
caused by the processes such as friction, unrestrained
expansions, and the internal transfer of energy
(redistribution) over a finite temperature difference.

the entropy generation is


always positive and is
Zero in a reversible process
Consider a reversible process, for which the entropy
generation is zero

For an irreversible process

the work is reduced by an amount proportional to the


entropy generation
entropy balance equation for a control mass

we can generate but not destroy entropy.

This is in contrast to energy, which we


can neither generate nor destroy.
• ds= dq/T+sgen
• ds can be positive or negative
• dq/T can be plosive or negative
• Sgen only plosive or zero in reversible process
• Wrev > Wirr
• QL irr > QL rev
• QH = W+QL

40
Notes

1- there are two ways in which the entropy of a system can


be increased—by transferring heat to it and
By having an irreversible process.

Since the entropy generation cannot be less than zero, there


is only one way in which the entropy of a system can be
decreased, and that is
transfer heat from the system.
2- as we have already noted for an adiabatic process, δQ =
0, and therefore the increase in entropy is always associated
with the irreversibilities.
3- the presence of irreversibilities will cause the work to be
smaller than the reversible work. This means less work out
in an expansion process and more work into the
control mass (δW < 0) in a compression process.
4- it should be emphasized that the change in s associated
with the heat transfer is a transfer across the control surface,
so a gain for the control volume is accompanied by a loss of
the same magnitude outside the control volume. This is in
contrast to the generation term that expresses all the entropy
generated inside the control volume due to any irreversible
process.
the area underneath the path Figure 6.17b shows the
does not represent work and reversible process, and
heat on the P–v and T–s area 1–2–b–a–1
diagrams represents the work on the P–v
diagram and the heat transfer
on the T–s diagram

it is advantageous to show irreversible processes as


dashed lines and reversible processes as solid lines
external irreversibilities are possible by heat transfer
over finite temperature differences as the δQ is
transferred from a reservoir or by the mechanical
transfer of work
this process can take place
Suppose that an engine operating on the Carnot
cycle received heat from the water and rejected
heat to the surroundings, as shown

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