PYTHON PACKAGES: MATPLOTLIB, NUMPY, PANDAS
NumPy (Numerical Python)
Purpose: Efficient operations on large arrays and matrices.
Key Features:
Fast array manipulation
Mathematical/statistical operations
Useful for scientific computing
EXAMPLE CODE:
Example Code:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
print("Array:", arr)
print("Mean:", np.mean(arr))
print("Sum:", np.sum(arr))
print("Square Roots:", np.sqrt(arr))
ACCESS ARRAY ELEMENTS
Array indexing is the same as accessing an array element.
You can access an array element by referring to its index number.
The indexes in NumPy arrays start with 0, meaning that the first element has index 0, and
the second has index 1 etc.
Example Code:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
print(arr[0])
ACCESS 2-D ARRAYS
To access elements from 2-D arrays we can use comma separated integers representing
the dimension and the index of the element.
Think of 2-D arrays like a table with rows and columns, where the dimension represents the
row and the index represents the column.
Example Code:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([[1,2,3,4,5], [6,7,8,9,10]])
print('2nd element on 1st row: ', arr[0, 1])
ACCESS 3-D ARRAYS
To access elements from 3-D arrays we can use comma separated integers representing
the dimensions and the index of the element.
Example code:
Access the third element of the second array of the first array:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]], [[7, 8, 9], [10, 11, 12]]])
print(arr[0, 1, 2])
NUMPY ARRAY SLICING
Slicing arrays
Slicing in python means taking elements from one given index to another given index.
We pass slice instead of index like this: [start:end].
We can also define the step, like this: [start:end:step].
If we don't pass start its considered 0
If we don't pass end its considered length of array in that dimension
If we don't pass step its considered 1
EXAMPLE
Slice elements from index 1 to index 5 from the following array:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
print(arr[1:5])
CHECKING THE DATA TYPE OF AN ARRAY
The NumPy array object has a property called dtype that returns the data type of the array:
Example code:
Get the data type of an array object:
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
print(arr.dtype)
SHAPE OF AN ARRAY
The shape of an array is the number of elements in each dimension.
Get the Shape of an Array:-
NumPy arrays have an attribute called shape that returns a tuple with each index having
the number of corresponding elements.
Example code:-
import numpy as np
arr = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4], [5, 6, 7, 8]])
print(arr.shape)
PANDAS
Purpose: Data manipulation and analysis tool built on top of NumPy.
Pandas is an open-source Python library used for data manipulation, cleaning,
analysis, and visualization. It is built on top of NumPy.
✅ Key Features:
• Works with tabular data (CSV, Excel)
• Provides DataFrame and Series objects
• Useful for data cleaning and analysis
EXAMPLE
Example code:-
import pandas as pd
mydataset = {
'cars': ["BMW", "Volvo", "Ford"],
'passings': [3, 7, 2]
}
myvar = pandas.DataFrame(mydataset)
print(myvar)
WHAT IS A SERIES?
A Pandas Series is like a column in a table.
It is a one-dimensional array holding data of any type.
Example code:-
import pandas as pd
a = [1, 7, 2]
myvar = pd.Series(a)
print(myvar)
READ CSV FILES
A simple way to store big data sets is to use CSV files (comma separated files).
CSV files contains plain text and is a well know format that can be read by everyone
including Pandas.
Example code:-
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv('data.csv')
print(df)
VIEWING DATA
df.head() # First 5 rows
df.tail() # Last 5 rows
df.info() # Summary
df.describe() # Statistics
df.columns # Column names
df.shape # (rows, columns)
HANDLING MISSING VALUES
df.isnull() # Detect missing
df.dropna() # Drop missing
df.fillna(0) # Replace with value
df.fillna(method='ffill') # Forward fill
WHAT IS MATPLOTLIB
Matplotlib is a plotting library for creating static, interactive, and animated
visualizations in Python.
It's used for plotting:
• Line charts
• Bar charts
• Histograms
• Pie charts
• Scatter plots
• Custom graphs
It works well with NumPy, Pandas, and other scientific libraries.
BASIC PLOTTING WITH PYPLOT
Example code:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.title("Simple Line Chart")
plt.xlabel("X-Axis")
plt.ylabel("Y-Axis")
plt.show()
EXAMPLE
Example code:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
xpoints = np.array([0, 6])
ypoints = np.array([0, 250])
plt.plot(xpoints, ypoints)
plt.show()
MARKERS
You can use the keyword argument marker to emphasize each point with a specified
marker:
Example code:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])
plt.plot(ypoints, marker = 'o')
plt.show()
MARKER REFERENCE
'o' Circle
'*' Star
'.' Point
',' Pixel
'x' X
'X' X (filled)
'+' Plus
'P' Plus (filled)
's' Square
'D' Diamond
FORMAT STRINGS FMT
You can also use the shortcut string notation parameter to specify the marker.
This parameter is also called fmt, and is written with this syntax:
Example code:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])
plt.plot(ypoints, 'o:r')
plt.show()
TYPES OF CHARTS
Line Chart:-
Example code:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
ypoints = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])
plt.plot(ypoints, linestyle = 'dotted')
plt.show()
BAR CHART
Example code:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])
plt.bar(x,y)
plt.show()
HORIZONTAL BARS
Example code:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])
plt.barh(x, y)
plt.show()
BAR COLOR
The bar() and barh() take the keyword argument color to set the color of the bars:
Example code:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])
plt.bar(x, y, color = "red")
plt.show()
BAR WIDTH
The bar() takes the keyword argument width to set the width of the bars:
Example code:-
Draw 4 very thin bars:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])
plt.bar(x, y, width = 0.1)
plt.show()
BAR HEIGHT
The barh() takes the keyword argument height to set the height of the bars:
Example code:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.array(["A", "B", "C", "D"])
y = np.array([3, 8, 1, 10])
plt.barh(x, y, height = 0.1)
plt.show()
HISTOGRAM
Example code:-
import numpy as np
x = np.random.normal(170, 10, 250)
print(x)
PIE CHART
Example code:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
y = np.array([35, 25, 25, 15])
plt.pie(y)
plt.show()
SCATTER PLOT
Example code:-
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
x = np.array([5,7,8,7,2,17,2,9,4,11,12,9,6])
y = np.array([99,86,87,88,111,86,103,87,94,78,77,85,86])
plt.scatter(x, y)
plt.show()
WHAT IS TKINTER?
• Tkinter is a Python wrapper around Tcl/Tk, a GUI toolkit developed in the 1990s.
• It allows Python developers to create windows, dialogs, buttons, menus, textboxes, and
other interface elements.
• It’s built into Python, so you don’t need to install anything extra (tkinter module is included
in standard Python distribution).
KEY FEATURES
Cross-platform: Works on Windows, macOS, and Linux.
Lightweight: Good for simple to moderately complex GUI applications.
Event-driven: Uses event loops to respond to user actions (clicks, key presses, etc.).
BASIC EXAMPLE
import tkinter as tk
# Create the main window
root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Hello Tkinter")
root.geometry("300x200")
# Create a label widget
label = tk.Label(root, text="Welcome to Tkinter!")
label.pack(pady=20)
# Create a button that closes the app
button = tk.Button(root, text="Close", command=root.destroy)
button.pack()
# Start the event loop
COMMON WIDGETS
Widget Description
Label Displays text or images
Button A clickable button
Entry A single-line text box
Text A multi-line text area
Frame A container for organizing widgets
Checkbutton, Radiobutton Selection controls
Canvas Drawing shapes, images, etc.
Menu Drop-down menus
BUTTON
import tkinter as tk
r = tk.Tk()
r.title('Counting Seconds')
button = tk.Button(r, text='Stop',
width=25, command=r.destroy)
button.pack()
r.mainloop()
ENTRY
from tkinter import *
master = Tk()
Label(master, text='First Name').grid(row=0)
Label(master, text='Last Name').grid(row=1)
e1 = Entry(master)
e2 = Entry(master)
e1.grid(row=0, column=1)
e2.grid(row=1, column=1)
mainloop()
CHECKBUTTON
from tkinter import *
master = Tk()
var1 = IntVar()
Checkbutton(master, text='male',
variable=var1).grid(row=0, sticky=W)
var2 = IntVar()
Checkbutton(master, text='female',
variable=var2).grid(row=1, sticky=W)
mainloop()
RADIOBUTTON
from tkinter import *
root = Tk()
v = IntVar()
Radiobutton(root, text='GfG', variable=v,
value=1).pack(anchor=W)
Radiobutton(root, text='MIT', variable=v,
value=2).pack(anchor=W)
mainloop()
