Distributed Computing

Overview of Distributed Computing

• Distributed Computing is a field of computer science that
studies distributed systems.
• A Distributed System is One in Which H/W & S/W
Components Located at Networked Computers Communicate
their Actions Only By Message Passing
• In The Term Distributed Computing The Word Distributed
Means Spread out across space. Thus, Distributed Computing
is an activity performed on a distributed system.
• These Networked Computers may be in the same city, same
country i.e. in same world.
Introduction
 Introduction
• The word distributed in terms such as “ distributed
system", "distributed programming", and " distributed
algorithm " originally referred to computer networks
where individual computers were physically
distributed within some geographical area.
• The terms are nowadays used in a much wider sense,
even referring to autonomous processes that run on
the same physical computer and interact with each
other by message passing.
 Working of Distributed System

• A distributed computing architecture consists of very

lightweight software agents installed on a number of
client systems, and one or more dedicated distributed
computing management servers.
• There may also be requesting clients with software
that allows them to submit jobs along with lists of
their required resources.
 Machine A Machine B Machine C

Distributed Application

Middleware service

Local OS Local OS Local OS

 Types of Distributed System
Distributed Computing System
• Grid Computing
• Cluster Computing
• Cloud Computing
Distributed Information System
Distributed Pervasive System
 Distributed Computing System
 Grid Computing :-
Grid computing is the collection of computer resources
from multiple locations to reach a common goal. Grid
computing is a processor architecture that combines
computer resources from various domains to reach a
main objective. In grid computing, the computers on the
network can work on a task together, thus functioning as
a supercomputer.
• Cluster Computing :-
A computer cluster is a single logical unit consisting of
multiple computers that are linked through a LAN. The
networked computers essentially act as a single, much
more powerful machine. A computer cluster provides
much faster processing speed, larger storage capacity,
better data integrity, superior reliability and wider
availability of resources.

Computer clusters are, however, much more costly to

implement and maintain. This results in much higher
running overhead compared to a single computer.
• Cloud Computing :-
Cloud computing is a type of computing that relies
on sharing computing resources rather than having local
servers or personal devices to handle applications.

In cloud computing, the word cloud is used as a metaphor

for "the Internet," so the phrase cloud computing means "a
type of Internet-based computing," where different
services — such as servers, storage and applications — are
delivered to an organization's computers and devices
through the Internet.
Distributed Information System :-
Goal :- Distributed Information System across several
servers
Remote processes called Clients access the servers to
manipulate the information.
Different communication models are used.
The most usual are RPC (Remote Procedure Calls) and
the object oriented RMI (Remote Method Invocations)
often associated with Transaction systems Examples:
o Banks
o Travel Agencies
o Rent-a-Cars………Etc……
Distributed Pervasive System
These are the distributed system involving mobile and
embedded computer devices like small, wireless, battery-
powered devices(PDA’s, smart phone….etc.)
These system characterized by their “instability” when
compared to more “traditional” distributed systems
pervasive system are all around us, and ideally should be
able to adapt to the lack of human administrative control:
• Automatically connect to a different n/w;
• Discover services and react accordingly;
• Automatic self configuration (e.g.: UPnP-Universal
Plug and Play)…..
Examples …. Home system, electronic Health care
system, sensor networks, ……
 Motivation
The main motivation in Distributed System are the
following ……….
o Inherently distributed application.
o Performance/Cost.
o Resource Sharing.
o Flexibility and Extensibility.
o Availability and Fault Tolerance.
o Scalability
 Characteristics
• Resource sharing
• Openness
• Concurrency
• Scalability
• Fault tolerance
• Transparency
 Architecture
 Client Server Architecture
 3-Tier Architecture
 N-Tier Architecture
 Tightly
 Peer to Peer
 Client–server
Architectures where smart clients contact the server for data then
format and display it to the users. Input at the client is committed
back to the server when it represents a permanent change.
 Three-tier
Architectures that move the client intelligence to a middle tier so that
stateless clients can be used. This simplifies application deployment.
Most web applications are three-tier.
 N-tier
Architectures that refer typically to web applications which further
forward their requests to other enterprise services. This type of
application is the one most responsible for the success of application
servers.
 Peer-to-peer
Architectures where there are no special machines that provide a
service or manage the network resources. Instead all responsibilities
are uniformly divided among all machines, known as peers. Peers
can serve both as clients and as servers
 Security and Standards Challenges
• The major challenges come with increasing scale. As
soon as you move outside of a corporate firewall,
security and standardization challenges become quite
significant.
• Most of today's vendors currently specialize in
applications that stop at the corporate firewall, though
Avail, in particular, is staking out the global grid
territory.
• Beyond spanning firewalls with a single platform, lies
the challenge of spanning multiple firewalls and
platforms, which means standards.
 Example
Examples of distributed systems and applications of distributed
computing include the following….
 Telecommunication Networks:
 telephone networks and cellular networks
 computer networks such as the Internet
 wireless sensor networks
 routing algorithms
 Network Applications:
 World Wide Web and peer-to-peer networks
 massively multiplayer online games and virtual reality communities,
 distributed databases and distributed database management systems
 Network file systems
 real-time process control:
 aircraft control systems
 industrial control systems

 parallel computation:
 scientific computing, including cluster computing and grid
computing and various volunteer computing projects (see
the list of distributed computing projects),
 distributed rendering in computer graphics
 Advantages
 Give more performance than single system
 If one pc in distributed system malfunction or
corrupts then other node or pc will take care of
 More resources can be added easily
 Resources like printers can be shared on multiple pc’s
 Disadvantages
 Security problem due to sharing
 Some messages can be lost in the network system
 Bandwidth is another problem if there is large data then all
network wires to be replaced which tends to become expensive
 Overloading is another problem in distributed operating
systems
 If there is a database connected on local system and many users
accessing that database through remote or distributed way then
performance become slow
 The databases in network operating is difficult to administrate
then single user system
 Conclusion
• In this age of optimization everybody is trying to get
optimized output from their limited resources. The
concept of distributed computing is the most efficient
way to achieve the optimization. In case of
distributed computing the actual task is modularized
and is distributed among various computer system. It
not only increases the efficiency of the task but also
reduce the total time required to complete the task.