Look at the following
Facebook Post. Say “Post”
if you think the idea
properly gives credit to a
person; otherwise, say
“Discard”.
As Shakespeare said in Sonnet 116, “ Love
is not love/ Which alters when its
alteration finds,” so Edward, I will love you
no matter what!
POST DISCARD
“Everything has beauty, but not everyone can
see.” – either Confucius or Lao Tzu said this.
Haha. I forgot. Anyways, good morning,
everyone!
POST DISCARD
I always say, from this movie title I don’t
remember (but I do know Tom Hanks is in it!),
that life is like a box of chocolates; you’ll never
know what you’re gonna get! So true! :) Who
agrees?
POST DISCARD
LESSON
4
CITING
SOURCES
Objectives:
By the end of the lesson, you will have been able to:
1. Identify the importance of citation
2. Differentiate in-text citation from reference citation
3. Identify the different citation styles appropriate for
a specific discipline
4. Apply an appropriate citation style in research
writing
CITING SOURCES
It is important not only to get
information from credible sources but
also to properly document all borrowed
ideas, information, concepts, arguments,
or information and attributes them to
their authors or creator.
Purposes for Citing
Sources
1. To give credit to the original author
of a work.
Plagiarism is a serious offense in
which someone taken and uses the
ideas and information of someone else
intentionally or unintentionally.
Purposes for Citing
Sources
2. To promote scholarly writing.
It means that you are able to
exhaustively use related ideas,
information, and concepts or arguments
of an expert and to properly attribute
these to the original source.
Purposes for Citing
Sources
3. To help your target audience.
Your reader want to either verify the
information from the original source;
write your proper citations, your target
audience can easily identify the location
of the original source.
FORMS OF CITATION
1. In-Text Citation- it requires
the writer to cite the details of
the reference used in a certain
part of his/her essay.
FORMS OF CITATION
Example of APA STYLE:
Two of the three reviewed studies focusing on
communication in non-internet and internet
relationships mediated by FtF, phone, or email
modalities found that the frequency of each modality’s
use was significantly linked to the strength of the
particular relationship (Cummings et al., 2002)
SRC:http://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/pdf/20090212013008_560.pdf
FORMS OF CITATION
2. Reference Citation- refers to the
complete bibliographic entries in the
reference used by the writer. This
appears in the reference list found at
the last part of the paper.
FORMS OF CITATION
EXAMPLE OF APA STYLE:
References
Cummings, J.N., Butler, B., & Krant, R (2002). The quality of online social relationships. Communication of
the ACM, 45(7), 103-108.
Hu, Y., Wood, J.F., Smith, V ., & Westbrook, N. (2004). Friendships through IM: Examining the relationship
between instant messaging and intimacy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10, 38-48.
Tidwell, L.C., & Walther, J.B. (2002). Computer-mediated communication effects on disclosure,
impressions and interpersonal evaluations: Getting to know one another a bit at a time. Human
Communication Research, 28,317-348.
Note:
These two forms of citations are
dependent on each other. Once a
source is cited in-text, it should also
appear in the reference list or else it
maybe considered form of
plagiarism.
FORMS OF CITATION
Two of the three reviewed studies focusing on communication in non-internet and internet
relationships mediated by FtF, phone, or email modalities found that the frequency of each
modality’s use was significantly linked to the strength of the particular relationship.
(Cummings et al., 2002)
REFERENCES
Cummings, J.N., Butler, B., & Krant, R (2002). The quality of online social relationships.
Communication of the ACM, 45(7), 103-108.
Hu, Y., Wood, J.F., Smith, V ., & Westbrook, N. (2004). Friendships through IM: Examining the relationship
between instant messaging and intimacy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10, 38-48.
STYLE GUIDES
These styles are governed by
rules of styles and structure,
which generally published as
style guides or manuals. Some of
the widely used style guides are
listed below.
EXAMPLES
• The Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (APA)
• The Modern Language Association Style Guide
(MLA)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
(IEEE)
• American Medical Manual of Style (AMA)
• The Chicago Manual
Each style guide is prepared by
specific disciplines as shown below.
Style Discipline
APA Psychology, education, hotel and restaurant
management, business, economics, and other social
sciences
MLA literature, arts, and humanities
IEEE Engineering
AMA Medicine, health sciences, and other natural sciences
Chicago Reference books, non-academic periodicals (e.g.,
newspapers, magazines, journals, among others)
Sources of information online for both in-text
and reference citations can be accessed for free
online.
APA:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/reource/560/01/.
MLA:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/reource/747/01/.
IEEE Editorial Style Manual:
http://www.ieee.org/styles_manual.pdf.
AMA Manual of Style: A guide for Authors and Editors:
http://www.amamanualofstyle.com/view/10.1093/jam
a/9780195176339.001.0001/med-978195176339 or
http://www.lib.jmu.edu/citation/amaguide.pdf
GUIDELINES IN IN-TEXT
CITATION
• APA 6th edition(pp169-179) Basic
Citation Rules
Follow the author-(latest) year of
publication method. Although not required,
APA encourages you to indicate the page
numbers even in paraphrases or summaries.
Place the period after the citation when it is at
the end of the sentence.
GUIDELINES IN IN-TEXT
CITATION
According to Sipacio (2014),
APA style is required for business
student majors.
APA style is applied in the
social sciences (Sipacio, 2014).
For a work with only
one author
1. According to Sipacio (2014), APA
style is required for business student
majors.
2. APA style is required for business
student majors (Sipacio, 2014).
For two authors, notice in the example
the use of “&” when the citations are
inside the parentheses.
1. According to Sipacio and Barrot (2014),
APA style is required for business student
majors.
2. APA style is required for business
student majors (Sipacio & Barrot, 2014).
For three to five
authors
Name all three during the
first citation. Then use the
primary author followed by ‘et
al.’ (which means ‘and authors’)
for subsequently citations.
First Citation
• According to Sipacio, Barrot, and
Sanchez (2014), APA style is required
for business student majors.
• APA style is required for business
student majors. (Sipacio, Barrot, and
Sanchez, 2014)
Subsequently
Citation
• Sipacio et al. states that in
general, the social sciences
employ this citation style (2014).
• In general, the social sciences
employ this citation style (Sipacio
et al., 2014)
Direct Quotation
• When you use a direct quote with
less then 40 words, you are required
to include the page number(s)
enclosed in parenthesis. The page
number must be preceded by “p” or
“pp” for multiple pages.
• Sipacio (2014) claimed that
“beginners found the APA style
guide too complex” (p.56).
• According to Sipacio (2014)
“beginners found the APA style
guide too complex” (p.56).
Direct Quotation
• When you use a direct quote with
40 words or more, you are still
required to include the page
number(s). Start your quotation in a
new line with a 1/2 indentation on
the left margin.
In his article “Poverty in the Philippines:
Income, Assets, and Access”, Scheliz
(2005) suggests a list of causes of poverty.
(1) low to moderate economic growth
for the past 40 years; (2) low growth
elasticity of poverty reduction;…
(p.2)
GUIDELINES IN
REFERENCE CITATION
APA 6th edition
• Place the reference list on a new page
separate from the text of your writing;
label this page “References” and align it
at the centre at the top of the page. Do
not use the bold face, underline, or
quotation marks for the title.
GUIDELINES IN
REFERENCE CITATION
• Apply hanging indention. This
simply means that the lines
following the first line in an
entry should be indented from
the left margin.
GUIDELINES IN
REFERENCE CITATION
• All text should be
double-spaced just like
the rest of the paper.
GUIDELINES IN
REFERENCE CITATION
• Follow this sequence in
writing the names of the
author: Last name, First
name Initial, Middle
Initial.
GUIDELINES IN
REFERENCE CITATION
• Arrange the references
in alphabetical order
based on the last
names of the authors.
GUIDELINES IN
REFERENCE CITATION
• Do not cut or add
to the titles.
GUIDELINES IN
REFERENCE CITATION
• Capitalize only the first letter
of the first word of a title, the
first letter of the first word of
the subtitle after a colon, and
the proper nouns.
GUIDELINES IN
REFERENCE CITATION
• Italic the titles. When
the article title is
used, italic only the
journal title.
GUIDELINES IN
REFERENCE CITATION
• For online sources,
make sure to
remove the hyperlink
of the URL.
GUIDELINES IN
REFERENCE CITATION
• For print sources,
place period at the
end of the entry.
GUIDELINES IN
REFERENCE CITATION
• Put “n.d” (no date)
for sources with
no date.
