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Group-9-SQL

SQL, or Structured Query Language, is a standard language used for managing and manipulating data in Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS). It allows users to perform various operations such as creating, reading, updating, and deleting data through commands categorized into DDL, DML, DCL, TCL, and DQL. SQL is characterized by its high speed, interactivity, and the ability to define data types for database columns.

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4 views29 pages

Group-9-SQL

SQL, or Structured Query Language, is a standard language used for managing and manipulating data in Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS). It allows users to perform various operations such as creating, reading, updating, and deleting data through commands categorized into DDL, DML, DCL, TCL, and DQL. SQL is characterized by its high speed, interactivity, and the ability to define data types for database columns.

Uploaded by

cristinaxr17
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL BASICS

WHAT IS SQL?
• SQL stands for Structured Query Language. It is used
for storing and managing data in Relational Database
Management System (RDBMS).

• Itis a standard language for Relational Database System.


It enables a user to create, read, update and delete
relational databases and tables.

• All the RDBMS like MySQL, Informix, Oracle, MS


Access and SQL Server use SQL as their standard
database language.

• SQL allows users to query the database in a number of


ways, using English-like statements.
WHAT ARE THE
SQL?
SQL follows the following rules:
• Structure query language is not case sensitive. Generally,
keywords of SQL are written in uppercase.
• Statementsof SQL are dependent on text lines. We can use a
single SQL statement on one or multiple text line.
• Using the SQL statements, you can perform most of the actions
in a database.
• SQLdepends on tuple relational calculus and relational algebra.
WHAT IS SQL
PROCESS?
• When an SQL command is executing for any
RDBMS, then the system figure out the best way to
carry out the request and the SQL engine
determines that how to interpret the task.
• In the process, various components are included.
These components can be optimization Engine,
Query engine, Query dispatcher, classic, etc.
• All the non-SQL queries are handled by the
classic query engine, but SQL query engine won't
handle logical files.
WHAT IS
SQL
PROCESS?
WHAT IS
ADVANTAGES OF
SQL?
• High speed
• Nocoding needed
• Well defined standards
• Portability
• Interactive language
• Multiple data view
WHAT IS SQL
DATATYPE?
• SQLDatatypeis used to define the values that a column can
contain.
• Every column is required to have a name and data type in the
database table.
SQL
COMMANDS
• SQL commands are instructions. It is used to
communicate with the database. It is also used to
perform specific tasks, functions, and queries of
data.
• SQLcan perform various tasks like create a table, add
data to tables, drop the table, modify the table, set
permission for users.
TYPES OF SQL
COMMANDS
• There are five types of SQL commands: DDL, DML,
DCL, TCL, and DQL.
DATA DEFINITION
LANGUAGE (DDL)
• DDL changes the structure of the table like
creating a table, deleting a table, altering a
table, etc.
• All the command of DDL are auto-committed that
means it permanently save all the changes in the
database.
• Here are some commands that come under DDL:
• CREATE
• ALTER
• DROP
• TRUNCATE
DATA DEFINITION
LANGUAGE (DDL)-
CREATE
CREATE It
database.
is used to create a new table in the

Syntax:
REATE TABLE TABLE_NAME
(C0LUMN_NAMEDATATYPES[,....]);
Example:
CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE(Name
VARCHAR2(20), Email VARCHA R2(100), DOB
DATE);
DATA DEFINITION
LANGUAGE (DDL)-
DROP
Drop: It is used to delete both the
structure and
table.
record stored in the

Syntax: DROPTABLE ;
Example: DROPTABLE EMPLOYEE;
DATA DEFINITION
LANGUAGE (DDL)-
ALTER
ALTER: It is used to alter the structure of the database.
This change could be either to modify the
characteristics of an existing attribute or probably to
add a new attribute.
Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name COLUMN-
definition;
ALTER TABLE MODIFY(COLUMNDEFINITION....);
Example:
ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS ADD(ADDRESS
VARCHAR2(20));
ALTER TABLE STU_DETAILS MODIFY (NAME
DATA DEFINITION
LANGUAGE (DDL)-
TRUNCATE
TRUNCATE: It is used to delete all the
rows from the table and free the space
containing the table.

Syntax:
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

Example:
TRUNCATE TABLE EMPLOYEE;
DATA
MANIPULATION
LANGUAGE
• DML commands are used to modify the database. It is
responsible for all form of CHANGES in the database.
• The command of DML is not auto-committed that
means it can't permanently save all the changes in the
database. They can be rollback.
Here are some commands that come under DML: 
• INSERT
• UPDATE
• DELETE
DATA
MANIPULATION
LANGUAGE-
INSERT: The INSERT statement is a SQL query. It is used
to insert data into the row of a table.
Syntax:

INSERT
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME (col1, col2, col3,.... col N)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);
OR
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME VALUES(value1, value2,
value3, .... valueN);
Example: INSERT INTO XYZ (Author, Subject) VALUES
("Sonoo", "DBMS");
DATA MANIPULATION
LANGUAGE- UPDATE
Update: This command is used to update or modify
the value of a column in the table.
Syntax:
UPDATE table_name SET [column_name1=
value1,...column_n ameN=valueN] [WHERE CONDITION]

Example:
UPDATE students
SET User_Name = 'Sonoo'
WHEREStudent_Id = '3'
DATA CONTROL
LANGUAGE
DCL commands are used to GRANT and TAKE
BACK authority from any database user.
Here are some commands that come under
DCL:
• Grant
• Revoke
DATA CONTROL
LANGUAGE- GRANT
GRANT: It is used to give user access privileges to
a database.
Example: GRANTSELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE
TO SOME_USER, ANOT HER_USER;
REVOKE: It is used to take back permissions from
the user.
Example: REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE
FROMUSER1, USER2;
TRANSACTION
CONTROL LANGUAGE
TCL commands can only use with DML commands
like INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE only.
These operations are automatically committed in the
database that's why they cannot be used while creating
tables or dropping them.
Here are some commands that come under TCL:
• COMMIT
• ROLLBACK
• SAVEPOINT
TRANSACTION
CONTROL LANGUAGE-
COMMIT
Commit: Commit command is used to save all the
transactions to the database. Commit: Commit
command is used to save all the transactions to the
database.
Syntex:
COMMIT;
Example:
DELETE FROMCUSTOMERS
WHEREAGE=25;
COMMIT;
TRANSACTION
CONTROL LANGUAGE-
ROLLBACK
ROLLBACK: Rollback
command is used to undo
transactions that have not
SAVEPOINT: It is used to
roll the transaction back to a
certain point without rolling
already been saved to the back the entire transaction.
database. Syntex:
SAVEPOINT
Syntex: ROLLBACK; SAVEPOINT_NA ME;
Example:
DELETE FROMCUSTOMERS
WHEREAGE=25;
ROLLBACK;
DATA QUERY
LANGUAGE
DQL is used to fetch the data from the database. It uses
only one command:
SELECT
a. SELECT: This is the same as the projection operation of
relational algebra. It is used to select the attribute based on
the condition described by WHERE clause.
Syntax:
SELECT expressions FROM TABLES WHERE conditions;
Example:
SELECT emp_name FROMemployee WHEREage>20;
SQL OPERATOR
There are various types of SOL Operators:
SQL COMPARISON
OPERATORS
SQL ARITHMETIC
OPERATORS
SQL LOGICAL
OPERATORS
THANK YOU

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