Computer Networks

IP Addressing
 Table of Contents
 What is IP Address

 Categories of IP Address

 Types of Public IP Address

 Types of Website IP Address

 Version of IP Address

 Classes of IP Address
 IP address
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) is responsible for
global coordination of the Internet Protocol addressing systems.
 IP address:
It is a unique address that identifies a device on the
internet or a local network.
An internet protocol (IP) address allows computers to send and
receive information.
 IP Routing:
It describes the process of determining the path for data
to follow in order to navigate from one computer or server to
another.

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 Categories of IP address
There are different categories of IP addresses, and within each category,
different types.
Consumer IP addresses:
Every individual or business with an internet
service have two types of IP addresses: their private IP addresses and
their public IP address. The terms public and private relate to the
network location, that is, a private IP address is used inside a network,
while a public one is used outside a network.
1. Private IP addresses:
Every device that connects to your internet
network has a private IP address. This includes computers, smartphones,
and tablets but also any Bluetooth-enabled devices like speakers,
printers, or smart TVs. Your router generates private IP addresses that are
unique identifiers for each device that differentiate them on the network.

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 Categories of IP
address…
2. Public IP addresses:
A public IP address is the primary address
associated with your whole network. Your public IP address is
provided to your router by your ISP. Your public IP address is the
address that all the devices outside your internet network will use
to recognize your network.

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Example Scenario:
Let's say you have a home network with the following setup:
•Your ISP assigns your home router a public IP address, let's say 203.0.113.1.
•Your router then assigns private IP addresses to devices connected to it:
•Your laptop might have the IP 192.168.1.2.
•Your smartphone might have 192.168.1.3.
•Your smart TV might have 192.168.1.4.
When your laptop (192.168.1.2) wants to browse the internet:
•It sends a request to your router.
•The router then forwards the request to the internet using its public IP
address (203.0.113.1).
•External servers on the internet respond to 203.0.113.1, and your router
forwards the response back to your laptop (192.168.1.2).

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 Public IP address
Public IP addresses come in two forms, dynamic and static.
1. Dynamic IP addresses
2. Static IP addresses
 Dynamic IP addresses:
Dynamic IP addresses change automatically
and regularly. ISPs buy a large pool of IP addresses and assign them
automatically to their customers. Periodically, they re-assign them
and put the older IP addresses back into the pool to be used for
other customers. The rationale for this approach is to generate cost
savings for the ISP.

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 Public IP address…

 Static IP addresses:
In contrast to dynamic IP addresses, static
addresses remain consistent. Once the network assigns an IP
address, it remains the same. Most individuals and businesses do
not need a static IP address, but for businesses that plan to host
their own server, it is crucial to have one. This is because a static IP
address ensures that websites and email addresses tied to it will
have a consistent IP address.

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Scenario: Smart Home Setup
🧩 Devices:
•A home router connected to the internet.
•A smartphone, laptop, and tablet.
•A smart light system.
•A network printer.
•A NAS (Network Attached Storage) device used for
backups and media streaming.

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Device IP Type Address Example Why?
Router (public IP) Dynamic IP 203.0.113.72 Given by ISP — may
change after restart.
Assigned by router —
Smartphone Dynamic IP 192.168.0.2 doesn’t need fixed
address.
Changes occasionally
Laptop Dynamic IP 192.168.0.3 — fine for normal
use.
Needs fixed IP for the
Smart light system Static IP 192.168.0.10 mobile app to control
it.
So everyone can
Network printer Static IP 192.168.0.20 always print to the
same address.
Used for
NAS Static IP 192.168.0.100 backups/media —
needs consistent IP.

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 What Happens?
1. Your smartphone connects to Wi-Fi and gets a dynamic IP like
192.168.0.2 — it doesn't matter if it changes tomorrow.
2. You set up a smart light control app on your phone:
3. It needs to reach the light system at a fixed IP (e.g.,
192.168.0.10) — so the system is set to static.
4. You install a network printer and want everyone in the house to
use it.
5. Instead of reinstalling drivers every time the IP changes, you give
the printer a static IP (e.g., 192.168.0.20).
6. You run daily backups to your NAS, and stream movies from it on
your smart TV.
7. You assign a static IP (e.g., 192.168.0.100) so your devices can
reliably connect to it.

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 Types of website IP addresses
For website owners who don’t host their own server, and instead
rely on a web hosting package which is the case for most websites
there are two types of website IP addresses.
1. Shared IP Address
2. Dedicated IP Address
 Shared IP Address:
Websites that rely on shared hosting plans
from web hosting providers will typically be one of many websites
hosted on the same server. This tends to be the case for individual
websites, where traffic volumes are manageable, and the sites
themselves are limited in terms of the number of pages, etc.
Websites hosted in this way will have shared IP addresses.

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 Types of website IP addresses…
 Dedicated IP addresses:
Some web hosting have the
option to purchase a dedicated IP address/addresses.
This can make obtaining an SSL certificate easier and
allows you to run your own File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
server. It makes easier to share and transfer files with
multiple people within an organization and allow
anonymous FTP sharing options. A dedicated IP address
also allows you to access your website using the IP
address alone rather than the domain name, it is useful
if you want to build and test it before registering your
domain.

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 Domain Name System
DNS servers translate requests for names into IP addresses, controlling which
server an end user will reach when they type a domain name into their web
browser. These requests are called queries.

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Let’s say you open a browser and go to www.example.com.
1.Browser checks local cache
•If your computer recently visited the site, the DNS record might be cached
locally. If found, it uses it right away.
2.DNS Query to Recursive Resolver
•If not cached, your computer asks a DNS resolver (usually from your ISP) to
find the IP.
3.Root DNS Server
•The resolver contacts a root server, which responds with the address of a
Top-Level Domain (TLD) server, like .com.
4.TLD Server
•The .com server returns the address of the authoritative name server for
example.com.
5.Authoritative Name Server
•This server returns the actual IP address, e.g., 93.184.216.34.
6.Connection is made
•Now the browser uses the IP address to connect to the web server and
load the sit

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 Standards/Versions of IP
Addresses
There are two versions of IP address.
1. Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)
2. Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)

 Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4):

IPv4 was initially deployed on 1 January
1983. It is still widely used by most of the websites on the Internet. It
has a size of 32 bits and holds numbers equals to 4,294,967,296. The
depletion of numbers on IPv4 forced authorities to introduce another
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6).

 Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6):

The IPv6 is still not widely used due
to compatibility with all network devices. It supports the size of 128
bits and holds numbers equals to 3.403×. 16
 Notation of IP Addresses
Generally, there are two notations in which IP address is written:
1. Dotted decimal notation
2. Hexadecimal notation
 Dotted Decimal Notation:

 Hexadecimal Notation:

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 IPv4 vs IPv6

Ipv4 uses a 32-bit addressing system with four fields of 8-bits

separated with a dot (period).

An IPV6 address has 8 separate fields of 16 bits each (4 hex digits),

separated by colons (:)
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 IPv4 vs IPv6

IPv4 IPv6

Short Supply vs. Near Infinity

32-bit address 128-bit address

Decimal Notation Hexadecimal Notation

Fields separated by dots Fields separated by colons

4.29 billion unique IPs Nearly unlimited number of IPs

(340 undecillion)

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 Classes of IP Addressing
In dotted decimal notation:
1.The value of any segment (byte) is between 0 and 255 (both included).
2.There are no zeroes preceding the value in any segment (054 is wrong, 54 is
correct).
Classful Addressing:
The 32 bit IP address is divided into five sub-classes. These are:
 Class A
 Class B
 Class C
 Class D (multicast)
 Class E (experimental)
First Octet Second Octet Third Octet Forth Octet

01010101. 00000101. 10111111. 00000001 20

 Classes of IP Addressing…
The order of bits in the first octet determine the classes of IP address.
IPv4 address is divided into two parts:
 Network ID
 Host ID
The class of IP address is used to determine the bits used for network
ID and host ID and the number of total networks and hosts possible in
that particular class.

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 Subnet mask
A subnet mask is a key part of IP networking that defines which
portion of an IP address refers to the network and which part
refers to the host (device).
Let’s say you have:
•IP Address: 192.168.1.10
•Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
192.168.1 = Network
.10 = Host
So the device is on the 192.168.1.0 network,
and it's the 10th host.

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 Subnet Mask
A subnet mask is a four-octet number used to identify the network ID
portion of a 32-bit IP address.

Class 1st Octet Value Subnet Mask

A 0-127 8
B 128-191 16
C 192-223 24
D 224-239 -
E 240-255 -

IP Address Class Default Subnet Mask

Class A 255.0.0.0
Class B 255.255.0.0
Class C 255.255.255.0
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 Class A
IP address belonging to class A are assigned to the networks that contain a large
number of hosts.
 The network ID is 8 bits long.
 The host ID is 24 bits long.
The default subnet mask for class A is 255.x.x.x. Therefore, class A has a total of:
 host ID.
 IP addresses belonging to class A ranges from 1.x.x.x – 126.x.x.x as 0.0.0.0 and
127.x.y.z are reserved.

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 Class B
IP address belonging to class B are assigned to the networks that ranges from
medium sized to large-sized networks.
 The network ID is 16 bits long.
 The host ID is 16 bits long.

The default sub-net mask for class B is 255.255.x.x. Class B has a total of:
 host address
 IP addresses belonging to class B ranges from 128.0.x.x – 191.255.x.x.

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 Class C
IP address belonging to class C are assigned to small-sized networks.
 The network ID is 24 bits long.
 The host ID is 8 bits long.

The 8 bits of host ID is used to determine the host in any network. The default sub-
net mask for class C is 255.255.255.x. Class C has a total of:
 host address
 IP addresses belonging to class C ranges from 192.0.0.x – 223.255.255.x.

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 Class D
IP address belonging to class D are reserved for multi-casting. The higher order
bits of the first octet of IP addresses belonging to class D are always set to 1110.
The remaining bits are for the address that interested hosts recognize.
 Class D does not posses any sub-net mask.
 IP addresses belonging to class D ranges from 224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255.

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 Class E
 IP addresses belonging to class E are reserved for
experimental and research purposes. IP addresses of class
E ranges from 240.0.0.0 – 255.255.255.254. This class
doesn’t have any sub-net mask. The higher order bits of first
octet of class E are always set to 1111.

11110000 -11111111
240 – 255 28
Summary of
Classification

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