ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

CLASS – IX
UNIT 2
 UNIT 2 - AI PROJECT CYCLE

Problem
Scoping
 Life cycle of AI project
 Project Cycle is a step-by-step process to
solve problems using proven scientific Data
methods and drawing inferences about Evaluation
AI Acquisition

them. Project
cycle

Data
Modelling Exploration
AI PROJECT CYCLE
AI PROJECT CYCLE
 Problem Scoping
• Problem identification and have a vision to solve it.
 Problem Scoping
• Who? - Refers that who is facing a problem and who are the
stakeholders of the problem.
• What? - Refers to what is the problem and how you know about
the problem.
• Where? - It is related to the context or situation or location of
the problem.
• Why? - Refers to why we need to solve the problem and what
are the benefits to the stakeholders after solving the problem.
The final outcome of problem scoping is the problem statement
template.
 The problem statement template

• When the above 4Ws are completely filled you

need to prepare a summary of these 4Ws.
• This summary is known as the problem
statement template.
• This template explains all the key points in a
single template.
• So if the same problem arises in the future this
statement helps to resolve it easily.
 Problem Scoping
Activity - Brainstorm around the theme and set a goal for the AI project
 Problem Scoping
1. Select a theme
Eg: Agriculture: this theme includes different topics like pest issues, sowing
and harvesting patterns, yield rates etc.
List of problems
Determine what will a good time
for seeding?

Determine what will be a good

Theme Topic time for harvesting?
Agriculture Sowing and
Harvesting patterns Determine when and how much
fertilizer will be applied to the
selected crop?
 Problem Scoping
1. Select a goal
Select one problem out of the ones listed above to solve using AI
knowledge. This Problem now becomes the target of AI project and helps
for getting a clear vision of what is to be achieved.

Eg: Goal is - How might we help farmers determine the best times for
seeding and for sowing their crops?
3. Final problem statement
Stakeholders Who
Our Farmers, Fertilizer Producers, Labours,
Tractor Companies
has /have a The problem, Issue, Need What
problem that
Determine what will a good time for
seeding or crop harvesting?
When/while Context/Situation When
Decide the mature age for the crop and
determine its time
An ideal solution Solution Benefits Why
would
Take the crop on time and supply
against market demand on time
Recap:
4 Ws
• Who?
– a. Who are the stakeholders?
– b. What do we know about them?
• 2. What?
– a. What is the problem?
– b. How do you that it is a problem? (is there an evidence?)
• 3. Where?
– a. What is the context/situation the stakeholders experience this
problem?
– b. Where is the problem located?
• 4. Why?
– a. What would hold value for the stakeholders?
– b. How will the solution improve their situation?
 Data Acquisition
• Acquiring data for the project.

• What is data?
 Data can be a piece of information or facts and statistics collected together
for reference or analysis.
 Whenever we want an AI project to be able to predict an output, we need
to train it first using data.
 Data Acquisition
• Data features
 Data features refer to the type of
data you want to collect.
 data features would be salary
amount, increment percentage,
increment period, bonus, etc.

• Types of Data
 Data Acquisition
Types of Data :

a. Basic Data

Basic data is classified into two categories:

1. Numeric Data: Mainly used for computation.
• Discrete Data: Discrete data only contains integer numeric data. It doesn't
have any decimal or fractional value. The countable data can be considered
as discrete data. Eg: 132 customers, 126 Students etc.
• Continuous Data: It represents data with any range. The uncountable data
can be represented in this category.Eg: 10.5 KGS, 100.50 Kms etc.
2. Text Data: mainly used to represent names, collection of words together, phrases,
textual information etc.
 Data Acquisition
Types of Data :

b. Structural Classification
The data which is going to be feed in the system to train the model or
already fed in the system can have a specific set of constraints or rules or unique
pattern can be considered as structural data.
1. Structured Data: can have a specific pattern or set of rules.
• These data have a simple structure and stores the data in specific forms such
as tabular form. Eg: The cricket scoreboard, school time table, Exam
datasheet etc.
2. Unstructured Data: doesn't have any specific pattern or constraints as well as can
be stored in any form is known as unstructured data.
• Mostly the data that exists in the world is unstructured data.
• Eg: Videos, Facebook Photos, Dashboard data of any reporting tool.
3. Semi-Structured Data: combination of both structured and unstructured data.
Some data can have a structure like a database whereas some data can have markers
and tags to identify the structure of data.
 Data Acquisition
Types of Data :
Other Classification
1. Time-Stamped Data: This structure helps the system to predict the next best action. It
is following a specific time-order to define the sequence. This time can be the time of
data captured or processed or collected.
2. Machine Data: The result or output of a specific program, system or technology
considered as machine data. It consists of data related to a user's interaction with the
system like the user's logged-in session data. , specific search records, user engagement
such as comments, likes and shares etc
3. Spatiotemporal Data: The data which contains information related to geographical
location and time is considered as spatiotemporal data. It records the location through
GPS and time-stamped data where the event is captured or data is collected.
4. Open Data: It is freely available data for everyone. Anyone can reuse this kind of data.
5. Real-time Data: The data which is available with the event is considered as real-time
data.
6. Big Data: You may hear this word most often. The data which cannot be stored by any
system or traditional data collection software like DBMS or RDBMS software can be
considered as Big data.
 Data Acquisition
Data Features : type of data you want to collect.
Here two terms are associated with this:

1. Training Data: The collected data through the system is known as training data. In
other words the input given by the user in the system can be considered as training
data.
2. Testing Data: The result data set or processed data is known as testing data. In
other words, the output of the data is known as testing data.
 Eg: to make an Artificially Intelligent system which can predict the salary
of any employee based on his previous salaries.
 The previous salary data here is known as Training Data while the next salary
prediction data set is known as the Testing Data
 For any AI project to be efficient, the training data should be authentic and
relevant to the problem statement scoped. .
 Data Acquisition
Acquiring Data from reliable sources: After mentioning the Data features,
you get to know what sort of data is to be collected.

Different data sources are:

Data sources
1. Web Scraping means collecting data from web using some technologies. We use it for
monitoring prices, news and etc.
Example: Web Scrapping. using beautiful soup in python

2. Sensors are very Important but very simple to understand. Sensors are the part of IoT (Internet
of things) Sensors collect the physical data and detect the changes.

3. Camera: captures the visual information and then that information which is called image is
used as a source of data. Cameras are used to capture raw visual data.

4. Observations: When we observe something carefully we get some information For ex:
Scientists Observe creatures to study them. Observations is a time consuming data source.

5. API: Application Programming interface. API is a messenger which takes requests and tells the
system about requests and gives the response.
Ex: Twitter API, Google Search API

6 Surveys: The survey is a method of gathering specific information from a sample of people.
Example, a census survey for analyzing the population.
System Maps
• System maps help us to find the relationship between the elements of the problem which we
have scoped
• A system map shows the components and boundary of a system and the components of the
environment at a point in time.
• The main use of a system map is to help structure a system and communicate the result to
others.
• It helps us in strategizing the solution for achieving the goal of our project.
• help to understand complex issues with multiple factors that affect each other
• Circles represents the elements,
• Arrows represents the relationship between the elements. Length of arrow represents time for a
change to happen. This is time delay. The arrow- head depicts the direction of the effect and
the sign (+ or -) shows their relationship. If the arrow goes from X to Y with a + sign, it means
that both are directly related to each other. If the arrow goes from X to Y with a – sign, it
means that both the elements are inversely related to each other .
• Loops represent a specific chain of causes and effects.
• To change the outcome of a system, as a change maker, either change the elements in a system
or change the relationships between elements.
System map for Water Cycle.
The major elements of this system are mentioned here.
 Data Exploration
• Data Exploration refers to the techniques and tools used to visualize data
through complex statistical methods.
• Advantages of Data Visualization
❖ A better understanding of data
❖ Provides insights into data
❖ Allows user interaction
❖ Provide real-time analysis
❖ Help to make decisions
❖ Reduces complexity of data
❖ Provides the relationships and patterns contained within data
❖ Define a strategy for your data model
❖ Provides an effective way of communication among users
 Bar
Line
Graph
Scatter Graph
Plot
Pie chart
Pi
Tree
Diagram
Visual
representations
Time
table
Venn
Diagrams
Brainstorm
Histogram
• Types of Graphical Representation
• Bar Graph: This uses either horizontal or vertical bars to categorize and compare different
quantities. The length or height of the bar corresponds to the value it represents.
• Pie Chart: This represents data in the form of slices of a circle, where each slice represents a
category. The size of each slice is proportional to the category it represents.
• Line Graph: This shows trends over time by connecting data points with straight lines. It's
especially useful for showing changes over a period and trends.
• Pictograph: This type of graph uses pictures or icons to represent data values. Each image or
icon represents a specific number or quantity, allowing for an easy-to-understand visual
comparison.
• Histogram: This is a type of bar graph used to display frequency data. The bars are adjacent to
each other, indicating that the data is in intervals.
• Frequency Distribution: This graphical representation (usually a table or a graph) shows how
often each different value in a set of data occurs.
• Stem and Leaf Plot: This method of data representation organizes data into a semi-graphical
representation that can display large amounts of data, and allows you to see the distribution
and shape of the data set.
• Scatter Plot: This is used for displaying values for two variables for a set of data. The data is
displayed as a collection of points, each representing the value variables plotted on a
horizontal and vertical axes.
Activity: List down 5 new data visualization techniques which
you learnt from
How to select a proper graph?
1. Comparison of Values - Show periodical changes
i.e. Bar Chart
2. Comparison of Trends - Show changes over a
period of time i.e. Line Chart
3. Distribution of Data according to categories - Show
data according to category i.e. Histogram
4. Highlight a portion of a whole - Highlight data
according to value i.e. Pie Chart
5. Show the relationship between data - Multiple
charts can be used
Modelling
 Modelling
• Artificial Intelligence, or AI refers to any technique that enables computers to mimic
human intelligence.
– An artificially intelligent machine works on algorithms and data fed to it and gives
the desired output.
• Machine Learning, or ML for short, enables machines to improve at tasks with experience.
– The machine here learns from the new data fed to it while testing and uses it for the
next iteration. The machine learns from its mistakes and takes them into
consideration in the next execution.
– It improvises itself using its own experiences.
• Deep Learning, or DL for short, enables software to train itself to perform tasks with vast
amounts of data.
– In deep learning, the machine is trained with huge amounts of data which helps it
into training itself around the data. Such machines are intelligent enough to develop
algorithms for themselves.
Deep Learning is the most advanced form of Artificial Intelligence out of these three. Then
comes Machine Learning which is intermediately intelligent and Artificial Intelligence covers all
the concepts and algorithms which, in some way or the other mimic human intelligence.
AI vs Ml vs DL
Artificial Intelligence Machine learning Deep Learning
AI represents ML is the practice of It is artificial neural
stimulated intelligence getting machines to network to solve
in machines. make decisions without the complex
being programmed. problems.
AI is a subset of data ML is the subset of AI DL is the subset of
science. and data science. AI , ML and data
science.
AI aims toward building ML aims to learn DL aim to build
machines that are through data to solve neural network
capable to think like problems. that automatically
humans discover patterns
for feature
detection
 Modelling
• AI Modelling refers to developing algorithms, also called models which can
be trained to get intelligent outputs. That is, writing codes to make a
machine artificially intelligent.
• The graphical representation makes the data understandable for humans as
we can discover trends and patterns out of it.
• But when it comes to machine accessing and analysing data, it needs the
data in the most basic form of numbers (which is binary – 0s and 1s) and
when it comes to discovering patterns and trends in data, the machine goes
for mathematical representations of the same.
• The ability to mathematically describe the relationship between parameters
is the heart of every AI model.
• Thus, whenever we talk about developing AI models, it is the mathematical
approach towards analysing data which we refer to.
Modelling
Modelling

Rule Based Approach :

• Rule Based Approach Refers to the AI modelling
where the relationship or patterns in data are
defined by the developer.
• The machine follows the rules or instructions
mentioned by the developer, and performs its task
accordingly.
Modelling
Rule Based Approach :
• To train your machine, you feed this data into the machine
and label each image as either apple or banana.
• Now if you test the machine with the image of an apple, it
will compare the image with the trained data and
according to the labels of trained images, it will identify the
test image as an apple.
• This is known as Rule based approach. The rules given to
the machine in this example are the labels given to the
machine for each image in the training dataset.
Modelling
Learning Based Approach
• AI modelling where the relationship or patterns in data are not
defined by the developer.
• In this approach, random data is fed to the machine and it is
left on the machine to figure out patterns and trends out of it.
• Generally this approach is followed when the data is unlabeled
and too random for a human to make sense out of it. Thus, the
machine looks at the data, tries to extract similar features out
of it and clusters same datasets together.
• In the end as output, the machine tells us about the trends
which it observed in the training data.
 Modelling
Learning Based Approach
• For example, suppose you have a dataset of 1000 images of
random stray dogs of your area.
• Now you do not have any clue as to what trend is being
followed in this dataset as you don’t know their breed, or
colour or any other feature.
• Thus, you would put this into a learning approach based AI
machine and the machine would come up with various
patterns it has observed in the features of these 1000 images.
• It might cluster the data on the basis of colour, size, fur style,
etc. It might also come up with some very unusual clustering
algorithm which you might not have even thought of!
Modelling
 EVALUATIO
N
Introduction
In the Evaluation stage, we will explore different methods of evaluating an AI model. Model Evaluation is an
integral part of the model development process. It helps to find the best model that represents our data and
how well the chosen model will work in the future

What is evaluation?
Evaluation is the process of understanding the reliability of any AI model, based on outputs by feeding test
dataset into the model and comparing with actual answers. There can be different Evaluation techniques,
depending of the type and purpose of the model.
Once a model has been made and trained, it needs to go through proper testing so that one can calculate the efficiency and
performance of the model. Hence, the model is tested with the help of Testing Data (which was separated out of the
acquired dataset at Data Acquisition stage) and the efficiency of the model is calculated on the basis of the parameters
mentioned below:
 Model Evaluation Terminologies

The Scenario
Imagine that you have come up with an AI based prediction model which has been deployed in a forest
which is prone to forest fires. Now, the objective of the model is to predict whether a forest fire has
broken out in the forest or not. Now, to understand the efficiency of this model, we need to check if
the predictions which it makes are correct or not. Thus, there exist two conditions which we need to
ponder upon: Prediction and Reality. The prediction is the output which is given by the machine and
the reality is the real scenario in the forest when the prediction has been made. Now let us look at
various combinations that we can have with these two conditions.

03
04
 Case 1: Is there a
forest fire?

Here, we can see in the picture that a forest fire has broken out in the forest. The model predicts a Yes which
means there is a forest fire. The Prediction matches with the Reality. Hence, this condition is termed as True
Positive.
 Case 2: Is there a
forest fire?

Here there is no fire in the forest hence the reality is No. In this case, the machine too has predicted it
correctly as a No. Therefore, this condition is termed as True Negative.
 Case 3: Is there a
forest fire?

Here the reality is that there is no forest fire. But the machine has incorrectly predicted that there is a forest fire. This case
is termed as False Positive.
 Case 4: Is there a
forest fire?

Here, a forest fire has broken out in the forest because of which the Reality is Yes but the machine has incorrectly
predicted it as a No which means the machine predicts that there is no Forest Fire. Therefore, this case becomes False
Negative.
 Confusion matrix
The result of comparison between the prediction and reality can be recorded in what we call the confusion matrix. The confusion
matrix allows us to understand the prediction results.
 DEPLOYMENT
What is deployment?
Deployment as the final stage in the AI project cycle where the AI model or solution is implemented in a real-world
scenario. Key Steps in Deployment Process the key steps involved in the deployment process: a. Testing and validation of
the AI model b. Integration of the model with existing systems c. Monitoring and maintenance of the deployed model.
Some examples of successful AI projects that have been deployed in various industries, such as self driving cars, medical
diagnosis systems, and chatbots.
AI can be used on Mobile Apps, Website Apps, etc.
 Case Study
Preventable Blindness Problem:
Prevent loss of vision, and delay in report generation
● Approximately 537 million adults (20-79 years) are living with diabetes.
● Diabetes can lead to Diabetic Retinopathy It damages the blood vessels of the retina
and can lead to blurred vision and blindness.
● Lack of qualified doctors and delay in reports increase the risk of Diabetic Retinopathy

One of the early symptoms of the defect is ‘Blurred vision’ as shown below:

03
04
How can we solve this problem with AI?
Solution: Using AI to detect Diabetic Retinopathy in pictures of eyes .

AI solution at Aravind Eye Hospital, India

● An AI eye screening solution is developed in partnership with Google.

● AI models have achieved an accuracy of 98.6% in detecting diabetic retinopathy, on par
with the performance of specialist eye doctors.
● Seventy-one vision centers in rural Tamil Nadu, India are using this solution.
● Trained technicians take pictures of patients’ eyes with cameras.
● The digital images are analyzed by AI for the presence of Diabetic Retinopathy.
● AI has made the detection of Diabetic Retinopathy 03quicker.
● Any technician can use this machine, even without
04 a skilled doctor.
More and more patients can be treated at an early stage. Hence, early detection using AI
can significantly benefit rural populations
Let us map this problem to AI project cycle How would you scope the problem?

03
04
 03
04
 Ethics and Morality
Ethical Scenario:
Burger
▪ Imagine a situation where you oversee burgers at a fast food restaurant
▪ It is a busy day with a lot of orders coming in fast.
▪ While cooking, you drop a burger on the dirty floor!
▪ Your boss passes by and says, “Just pick it up and serve it!”
▪ What would you do?

Ethical Questions:
Examples of Ethical questions
• If a shopkeeper gives me back more money than what is due, is it better to return it? Or should I keep it with me?
• Is taking pens from a library considered stealing? 03
• Is taking extra paper napkins from a restaurant considered theft?
• You order a new dress from Amazon and after04 wearing it on your friends birthday party, you returned it stating the reason
inappropriate fitting.
Moral Questions
Examples of moral questions
• Is it OK to lie? If so, under what circumstances?
• If a family is hungry and has no other way to get food, is it OK to steal food from a rich store owner? Why
or why not?
• Is a collective decision made by people, always, right? Or can it be wrong?

03
04
Ethics and Personal Data
There is a student named Jack
▪ Jack spends a lot of time on the internet every day.
▪ He does his research assignments, connects with his friends, uses social media, plays his favorite games, and shops on
the internet.
▪ This means that a lot of his personal information is on the internet.

03
04
Major Issues around AI Ethics
Let’s learn some more about Jack:
▪ He is an average middle school student.
▪ His school recently started using an AI-based essay grading system.
▪ The system takes in an essay and assigns grades after evaluation.
▪ Jack is worried that he scored a bad grade, even though he wrote a really good essay.

03
04
 AI Ethics Principles
What are the principles of AI Ethics?
Identifying the principles
● To make AI better, we need to identify the factors responsible for it.
● The following principles in AI Ethics affect the quality of AI solutions
▪ Human Rights
▪ Bias
▪ Privacy
▪ Inclusion

Human Rights
● When building AI solutions, we need to ensure that they follow human rights.
03
● Here are a few things that you should take care of
▪ Does your AI take away Freedom? 04
▪ Does your AI discriminate against People?
▪ Does your AI deprive people of jobs?
▪ What are some other human rights which need to be protected when it comes to AI?
Bias
● Bias (partiality or preference for one over the other) often comes from the collected data. The bias in training data
also appears in the results.

● Here are a few things that you should take care of :

▪ Does your data equally represent all the sections of the included populations?
▪ Will your AI learn to discriminate against certain groups of people?
▪ Does your AI exclude some people?
▪ What are some other biases that might appear in an AI?

Privacy
● We need to have rules which keep our individual and private data safe.
03
● Here are a few things that you should take care of
▪ Does your AI collect personal data from people?
04
▪ What does it do with the data? ▪ Does your AI let people know about the data that it is collecting for its use?
▪ Will your AI ensure a person’s safety? Or will it compromise it?
▪ What are some other ways in which AI can breach someone’s privacy?
Inclusion
● AI MUST NOT discriminate against a particular group of population, causing them any kind of disadvantage.

● Here are a few things you should take care of

▪ Does your AI leave out any person or a group?
▪ Is a rich person and a poor person benefitted equally from your AI?
▪ How easy is it to use your AI?
▪ Who does your AI help?
▪ How can we make AI more inclusive?

03
04